--- title: Joshua 10:31 — And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it. Who acts: Joshua. Joshua 10:31 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/10/) / 10:31 # Joshua 10:31 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Joshua · **What happens:** pass, encamp, fight · **To what, where:** Libnah This is Joshua 10:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Joshua — and what happens in the verse to Libnah, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיַּעֲבֹ֣ר יְ֠הוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל עִמּ֛וֹ מִלִּבְנָ֖ה לָכִ֑ישָׁה וַיִּ֣חַן עָלֶ֔יהָ וַיִּלָּ֖חֶם בָּֽהּ׃ [And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.253/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:243 # text = וַיַּעֲבֹ֣ר יְ֠הוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל עִמּ֛וֹ מִלִּבְנָ֖ה לָכִ֑ישָׁה וַיִּ֣חַן עָלֶ֔יהָ וַיִּלָּ֖חֶם בָּֽהּ׃ # verse = JOS.10.31 1-2 וַיַּעֲבֹ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:31!1|MId=o060100310011|Strong=2050b 2 יַּעֲבֹ֣ר עָבַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.passed.on|Ref=JOS_10:31!1|MId=o060100310012|Strong=5674|Frame=A0:060100310021;060100310041;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְ֠הוֹשֻׁעַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_10:31!2|MId=o060100310021|Strong=3091 4-5 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 5 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:31!3|MId=o060100310031|Strong=2050b 5 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_10:31!3|MId=o060100310032|Strong=3605 6 יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=JOS_10:31!4|MId=o060100310041|Strong=3478 7-8 עִמּ֛וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 עִמּ עִם ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=JOS_10:31!5|MId=o060100310051|Strong=5973 8 ֛וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 nmod _ Gloss=him|Ref=JOS_10:31!5|MId=o060100310052|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 9-10 מִלִּבְנָ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JOS_10:31!6|MId=o060100310061|Strong=4480 10 לִּבְנָ֖ה לִבְנָה PROPN _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=Libnah|Ref=JOS_10:31!6|MId=o060100310062|Strong=3841 11-12 לָכִ֑ישָׁה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 לָכִ֑ישׁ לָכִישׁ PROPN _ _ 10 conj _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_10:31!7|MId=o060100310071|Strong=3923 12 ָה ה X _ _ 11 nmod _ Gloss=Lachish|Ref=JOS_10:31!7|MId=o060100310072|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 13-14 וַיִּ֣חַן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 14 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:31!8|MId=o060100310081|Strong=2050b 14 יִּ֣חַן חָנָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.encamped|Ref=JOS_10:31!8|MId=o060100310082|Strong=2583|Frame=A0:060100310021;|Type=wayyiqtol 15-16 עָלֶ֔יהָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 עָלֶ֔י עַל ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JOS_10:31!9|MId=o060100310091|Strong=5921 16 הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOS_10:31!9|MId=o060100310092|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 17-18 וַיִּלָּ֖חֶם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:31!10|MId=o060100310101|Strong=2050b 18 יִּלָּ֖חֶם לָחַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.engaged.in.battle|Ref=JOS_10:31!10|MId=o060100310102|Strong=3898|Frame=A0:060100310021;|Type=wayyiqtol 19-20 בָּֽהּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=against|Ref=JOS_10:31!11|MId=o060100310111|Strong=0871a 20 ָֽהּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOS_10:31!11|MId=o060100310112|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 21 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 20 punct _ Ref=JOS_10:31!11 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יַּעֲבֹר *he passed on* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* + יִשְׂרָאֵל *Israel* | | | | | יִּחַן *he encamped* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | יִּלָּחֶם *he engaged in battle* | wayyiqtol · niphal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַעֲבַר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמֵיהּ מִלִבְנָה לְלָכִישׁ וּשְׁרָא עֲלָהּ וְאַגִיחַ קְרָבָא בָּהּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.253/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:243`. - ← previous: [Joshua 10:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.30/) - next →: [Joshua 10:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.32/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/10/)