--- title: Joshua 10:40 — So Joshua smote all the land, the hill-country, and the South, and t… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: So Joshua smote all the land, the hill-country, and the South, and the Lowland, and the slopes, and all their kings; he left none remaining; but he utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD, the God of Israel, commanded. Who acts: Joshua, LORD. Joshua 10:40 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.40/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/10/) / 10:40 # Joshua 10:40 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Joshua, LORD · **What happens:** smite, leave, remain, destroy, breathe, command · **To what, where:** land, none, all · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 10:40 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Joshua, LORD — and what happens in the verse to land, none, all, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיַּכֶּ֣ה יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ אֶת־כָּל־הָאָ֡רֶץ הָהָר֩ וְהַנֶּ֨גֶב וְהַשְּׁפֵלָ֜ה וְהָאֲשֵׁד֗וֹת וְאֵת֙ כָּל־מַלְכֵיהֶ֔ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד וְאֵ֤ת כָּל־הַנְּשָׁמָה֙ הֶחֱרִ֔ים כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּ֔ה יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ [So Joshua smote all the land, the hill-country, and the South, and the Lowland, and the slopes, and all their kings; he left none remaining; but he utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD, the God of Israel, commanded.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.262/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:252 # text = וַיַּכֶּ֣ה יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ אֶת־כָּל־הָאָ֡רֶץ הָהָר֩ וְהַנֶּ֨גֶב וְהַשְּׁפֵלָ֜ה וְהָאֲשֵׁד֗וֹת וְאֵת֙ כָּל־מַלְכֵיהֶ֔ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד וְאֵ֤ת כָּל־הַנְּשָׁמָה֙ הֶחֱרִ֔ים כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּ֔ה יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ # verse = JOS.10.40 1-2 וַיַּכֶּ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:40!1|MId=o060100400011|Strong=2050b 2 יַּכֶּ֣ה נָכָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.defeated|Ref=JOS_10:40!1|MId=o060100400012|Strong=5221|Frame=AA:060100400021;A0:060100400052;060100400121;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_10:40!2|MId=o060100400021|Strong=3091 4 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_10:40!3|MId=o060100400031|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 5 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_10:40!4|MId=o060100400041|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 6-7 הָאָ֡רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_10:40!5|MId=o060100400051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 אָ֡רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=land|Ref=JOS_10:40!5|MId=o060100400052|Strong=0776 8-9 הָהָר֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 9 det _ Gloss=the.hill|Ref=JOS_10:40!6|MId=o060100400061|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 9 הָר֩ הַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 appos _ Gloss=country|Ref=JOS_10:40!6|MId=o060100400062|Strong=2022 10-12 וְהַנֶּ֨גֶב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:40!7|MId=o060100400071|Strong=2050b 11 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 12 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_10:40!7|MId=o060100400072|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 12 נֶּ֨גֶב נֶגֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 conj _ Gloss=Negev|Ref=JOS_10:40!7|MId=o060100400073|Strong=5045 13-15 וְהַשְּׁפֵלָ֜ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:40!8|MId=o060100400081|Strong=2050b 14 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_10:40!8|MId=o060100400082|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 שְּׁפֵלָ֜ה שְׁפֵלָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 conj _ Gloss=Shephelah|Ref=JOS_10:40!8|MId=o060100400083|Strong=8219 16-18 וְהָאֲשֵׁד֗וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:40!9|MId=o060100400091|Strong=2050b 17 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 18 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_10:40!9|MId=o060100400092|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 18 אֲשֵׁד֗וֹת אָשֵׁד NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 9 conj _ Gloss=slopes|Ref=JOS_10:40!9|MId=o060100400093|Strong=0794 19-20 וְאֵת֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:40!10|MId=o060100400101|Strong=2050b 20 אֵת֙ אֵת ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_10:40!10|MId=o060100400102|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 21 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_10:40!11|MId=o060100400111|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 22-23 מַלְכֵיהֶ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 מַלְכֵי מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 21 compound:smixut _ Gloss=kings|Ref=JOS_10:40!12|MId=o060100400121|Strong=4428 23 הֶ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=JOS_10:40!12|MId=o060100400122|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 24 לֹ֥א לֹא ADV _ _ 25 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_10:40!13|MId=o060100400131|Strong=3808|Type=negative 25 הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׁאַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=he.left|Ref=JOS_10:40!14|MId=o060100400141|Strong=7604|Frame=AA:060100400021;A0:060100400151;|Type=qatal 26 שָׂרִ֑יד שָׂרִיד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 obj _ Gloss=a.survivor|Ref=JOS_10:40!15|MId=o060100400151|Strong=8300 27-28 וְאֵ֤ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 32 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_10:40!16|MId=o060100400161|Strong=2050b 28 אֵ֤ת אֵת ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_10:40!16|MId=o060100400162|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 29 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 32 obj _ Gloss=every|Ref=JOS_10:40!17|MId=o060100400171|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 30-31 הַנְּשָׁמָה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 31 det _ Gloss=(the).breathing|Ref=JOS_10:40!18|MId=o060100400181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 31 נְּשָׁמָה֙ נְשָׁמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 29 compound:smixut _ Gloss=thing|Ref=JOS_10:40!18|MId=o060100400182|Strong=5397 32 הֶחֱרִ֔ים חָרַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.totally.destroyed|Ref=JOS_10:40!19|MId=o060100400191|Strong=2763|Frame=AA:060100400021;A0:060100400182;|Type=qatal 33-34 כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 32 obl _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_10:40!20|MId=o060100400201|Strong=3509a 34 אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 35 mark _ Gloss=as|Ref=JOS_10:40!20|MId=o060100400202|Strong=0834|Type=relative 35 צִוָּ֔ה צָוָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 33 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.had.commanded|Ref=JOS_10:40!21|MId=o060100400211|Strong=6680|Frame=A0:060100400221;|Type=qatal 36 יְהוָ֖ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 35 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JOS_10:40!22|MId=o060100400221|Strong=3068 37 אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 36 appos _ Gloss=the.God|Ref=JOS_10:40!23|MId=o060100400231|Strong=0430 38 יִשְׂרָאֵֽל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 37 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JOS_10:40!24|MId=o060100400241|Strong=3478|SpaceAfter=No 39 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 38 punct _ Ref=JOS_10:40!24 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יַּכֶּה *he defeated* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | אָרֶץ *land* + מַלְכֵי *kings* | | | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | **not** הִשְׁאִיר *he left* | qatal · hiphil | שָׂרִיד *a survivor* | | | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | הֶחֱרִים *he totally destroyed* | qatal · hiphil | נְּשָׁמָה *thing* | | | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | צִוָּה *he had commanded* | qatal · piel | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּמְחָא יְהוֹשֻׁעַ יַת כָּל אַרְעָא טוּרָא וְדָרוֹמָא וּשְׁפֶלְתָּא וּמַשְׁפַּךְ מְרָמָתָא וְיַת כָּל מַלְכֵיהוֹן לָא אַשְׁאַר מְשֵׁזִיב וְיַת כָּל נִשְׁמָא גַמַר כְּמָא דְפַקֵד יְיָ אֱלָהָא דְיִשְׂרָאֵל: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [So Joshua smote all the land, the hill-country, and the South, and the Lowland, and the slopes, and all their kings; he left none remaining; but he utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD, the God of Israel, commanded.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.262/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:252`. - ← previous: [Joshua 10:39](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.39/) - next →: [Joshua 10:41](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.41/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/10/)