--- title: Joshua 11:20 — For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts, to come against Israe… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts, to come against Israel in battle, that they might be utterly destroyed, that they might have no favour, but that they might be destroyed, as the LORD commanded Moses. Who acts: it, cities, LORD. Joshua 11:20 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jo --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.11.20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/11/) / 11:20 # Joshua 11:20 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** it, cities, LORD · **What happens:** be, harden, come, destroy, have, command · **To what, where:** hearts, battle, cities, favour, Moses · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 11:20 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — it, cities, LORD — and what happens in the verse to hearts, battle, cities, favour, Moses, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כִּ֣י מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה ׀ הָיְתָ֡ה לְחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבָּם֩ לִקְרַ֨את הַמִּלְחָמָ֤ה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לְמַ֣עַן הַֽחֲרִימָ֔ם לְבִלְתִּ֥י הֱיוֹת־לָהֶ֖ם תְּחִנָּ֑ה כִּ֚י לְמַ֣עַן הַשְׁמִידָ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה׃ס [For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts, to come against Israel in battle, that they might be utterly destroyed, that they might have no favour, but that they might be destroyed, as the LORD commanded Moses.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.285/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:275 # text = כִּ֣י מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה ׀ הָיְתָ֡ה לְחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבָּם֩ לִקְרַ֨את הַמִּלְחָמָ֤ה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לְמַ֣עַן הַֽחֲרִימָ֔ם לְבִלְתִּ֥י הֱיוֹת־לָהֶ֖ם תְּחִנָּ֑ה כִּ֚י לְמַ֣עַן הַשְׁמִידָ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה׃ס # verse = JOS.11.20 1 כִּ֣י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 4 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JOS_11:20!1|MId=o060110200011|Strong=3588 2-3 מֵאֵ֣ת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JOS_11:20!2|MId=o060110200021|Strong=4480 3 אֵ֣ת אֵת ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=JOS_11:20!2|MId=o060110200022|Strong=0854 4 יְהוָ֣ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JOS_11:20!3|MId=o060110200031|Strong=3068 5 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 4 punct _ Ref=JOS_11:20!3 6 הָיְתָ֡ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 cop _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=JOS_11:20!4|MId=o060110200041|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:060110200052;|Type=qatal 7-8 לְחַזֵּ֣ק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_11:20!5|MId=o060110200051|Strong=3807a 8 חַזֵּ֣ק חָזַק VERB _ HebBinyan=PIEL 4 nsubj _ Gloss=strengthen|Ref=JOS_11:20!5|MId=o060110200052|Strong=2388|Frame=A0:060110200031;A1:060110200071;|Type=infinitive_construct 9 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_11:20!6|MId=o060110200061|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 10-11 לִבָּם֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 לִבּ לֵב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 obj _ Gloss=heart|Ref=JOS_11:20!7|MId=o060110200071|Strong=3820 11 ָם֩ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=JOS_11:20!7|MId=o060110200072|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 12-13 לִקְרַ֨את _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_11:20!8|MId=o060110200081|Strong=3807a 13 קְרַ֨את קרא VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 8 advcl _ Gloss=meet|Ref=JOS_11:20!8|MId=o060110200082|Strong=7122|Frame=A0:060110190142;A1:060110200092;|Type=infinitive_construct 14-15 הַמִּלְחָמָ֤ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_11:20!9|MId=o060110200091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 מִּלְחָמָ֤ה מִלְחָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 13 obj _ Gloss=battle|Ref=JOS_11:20!9|MId=o060110200092|Strong=4421 16 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=JOS_11:20!10|MId=o060110200101|Strong=0854|SpaceAfter=No 17 יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 13 obl _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=JOS_11:20!11|MId=o060110200111|Strong=3478 18 לְמַ֣עַן לְמַעַן SCONJ _ _ 19 mark _ Gloss=so.as|Ref=JOS_11:20!12|MId=o060110200121|Strong=4616 19-20 הַֽחֲרִימָ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 הַֽחֲרִימ חָרַם VERB _ HebBinyan=HIPHIL 4 advcl _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_11:20!13|MId=o060110200131|Strong=2763|Frame=AA:060110200111;A0:060110200132;|Type=infinitive_construct 20 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 obj _ Gloss=totally.destroy.them|Ref=JOS_11:20!13|MId=o060110200132|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 21-22 לְבִלְתִּ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_11:20!14|MId=o060110200141|Strong=3807a 22 בִלְתִּ֥י בֵּלֶת ADP _ _ 25 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_11:20!14|MId=o060110200142|Strong=1115 23 הֱיוֹת־ הָיָה AUX _ HebBinyan=QAL 25 cop _ Gloss=to.belong|Ref=JOS_11:20!15|MId=o060110200151|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:060110200171;|Type=infinitive_construct|SpaceAfter=No 24-25 לָהֶ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 ל לְ ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_11:20!16|MId=o060110200161|Strong=3807a 25 ָהֶ֖ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=JOS_11:20!16|MId=o060110200162|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 26 תְּחִנָּ֑ה תְּחִנָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 25 nsubj _ Gloss=favor|Ref=JOS_11:20!17|MId=o060110200171|Strong=8467 27 כִּ֚י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 29 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JOS_11:20!18|MId=o060110200181|Strong=3588 28 לְמַ֣עַן לְמַעַן SCONJ _ _ 29 mark _ Gloss=so.as|Ref=JOS_11:20!19|MId=o060110200191|Strong=4616 29-30 הַשְׁמִידָ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 הַשְׁמִיד שָׁמַד VERB _ HebBinyan=HIPHIL 4 parataxis _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_11:20!20|MId=o060110200201|Strong=8045|Frame=AA:060110200111;A0:060110200202;|Type=infinitive_construct 30 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 29 obj _ Gloss=destroy.them|Ref=JOS_11:20!20|MId=o060110200202|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 31-32 כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 29 obl _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_11:20!21|MId=o060110200211|Strong=3509a 32 אֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 33 mark _ Gloss=as|Ref=JOS_11:20!21|MId=o060110200212|Strong=0834|Type=relative 33 צִוָּ֥ה צָוָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 31 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.had.commanded|Ref=JOS_11:20!22|MId=o060110200221|Strong=6680|Frame=A0:060110200231;A1:060110200251;|Type=qatal 34 יְהוָ֖ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 33 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JOS_11:20!23|MId=o060110200231|Strong=3068 35 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 36 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_11:20!24|MId=o060110200241|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 36 מֹשֶֽׁה מֹשֶׁה PROPN _ _ 33 obj _ Gloss=Moses|Ref=JOS_11:20!25|MId=o060110200251|Strong=4872|SpaceAfter=No 37 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 36 punct _ Ref=JOS_11:20!25|SpaceAfter=No 38 ס ס PUNCT _ _ 36 punct _ Ref=JOS_11:20!25 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הָיְתָה *it was* | qatal · qal | חַזֵּק *strengthen* | | | | | חַזֵּק *strengthen* | infinitive construct · piel | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | לִבּ *heart* | | | | קְרַאת *meet* | infinitive construct · qal | | מִּלְחָמָה *battle* | | | | הַֽחֲרִימ *to* | infinitive construct · hiphil | ָם *totally destroy them* | | | יִשְׂרָאֵל *Israel* | | הֱיוֹת־ *to belong* | infinitive construct · qal | תְּחִנָּה *favor* | | | | | הַשְׁמִיד *to* | infinitive construct · hiphil | ָם *destroy them* | | | יִשְׂרָאֵל *Israel* | | צִוָּה *he had commanded* | qatal · piel | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | מֹשֶֽׁה *Moses* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} אֲרֵי מִן קֳדָם יְיָ הֲוַת לְתַקָפָא יַת לִבְּהוֹן לְסַדָרָא קְרָבָא עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּדִיל לְגַמָרוּתְהוֹן בְּדִיל דְלָא לְמֶהֱוֵי לְהוֹן רַחֲמִין אֲרֵי בְּדִיל לְשֵׁצָיוּתְהוֹן כְּמָא דְפַקֵד יְיָ יַת מֹשֶׁה: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts, to come against Israel in battle, that they might be utterly destroyed, that they might have no favour, but that they might be destroyed, as the LORD commanded Moses.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.285/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:275`. - ← previous: [Joshua 11:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.11.19/) - next →: [Joshua 11:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.11.21/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/11/)