--- title: Joshua 12:1 — Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smo… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land beyond the Jordan toward the sunrising, from the valley of Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward: Who acts: these, children. Joshua 12:1 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.12.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/12/) / 12:1 # Joshua 12:1 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** these, children · **What happens:** be, smote, possess · **To what, where:** kings, land, valley This is Joshua 12:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — these, children — and what happens in the verse to kings, land, valley, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְאֵ֣לֶּה ׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר הִכּ֤וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וַיִּֽרְשׁ֣וּ אֶת־אַרְצָ֔ם בְּעֵ֥בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן מִזְרְחָ֣ה הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ מִנַּ֤חַל אַרְנוֹן֙ עַד־הַ֣ר חֶרְמ֔וֹן וְכָל־הָעֲרָבָ֖ה מִזְרָֽחָה׃ [Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land beyond the Jordan toward the sunrising, from the valley of Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward:](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.290/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:279 # text = וְאֵ֣לֶּה ׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר הִכּ֤וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וַיִּֽרְשׁ֣וּ אֶת־אַרְצָ֔ם בְּעֵ֥בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן מִזְרְחָ֣ה הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ מִנַּ֤חַל אַרְנוֹן֙ עַד־הַ֣ר חֶרְמ֔וֹן וְכָל־הָעֲרָבָ֖ה מִזְרָֽחָה׃ # verse = JOS.12.1 1-2 וְאֵ֣לֶּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_12:1!1|MId=o060120010011|Strong=2050b 2 אֵ֣לֶּה אֵלֶּה PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 0 root _ Gloss=these|Ref=JOS_12:1!1|MId=o060120010012|Strong=0428|Type=demonstrative 3 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Ref=JOS_12:1!1 4 מַלְכֵ֣י מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=[are].the.kings|Ref=JOS_12:1!2|MId=o060120010021|Strong=4428 5-6 הָאָ֗רֶץ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_12:1!3|MId=o060120010031|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 אָ֗רֶץ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.land|Ref=JOS_12:1!3|MId=o060120010032|Strong=0776 7 אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 8 mark _ Gloss=whom|Ref=JOS_12:1!4|MId=o060120010041|Strong=0834|Type=relative 8 הִכּ֤וּ נָכָה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 4 acl:relcl _ Gloss=they.defeated|Ref=JOS_12:1!5|MId=o060120010051|Strong=5221|Frame=AA:060120010061;A0:060120010021;|Type=qatal 9 בְנֵֽי־ בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 8 nsubj _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=JOS_12:1!6|MId=o060120010061|Strong=1121|SpaceAfter=No 10 יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 9 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JOS_12:1!7|MId=o060120010071|Strong=3478 11-12 וַיִּֽרְשׁ֣וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_12:1!8|MId=o060120010081|Strong=2050b 12 יִּֽרְשׁ֣וּ יָרַשׁ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.took.possession.of|Ref=JOS_12:1!8|MId=o060120010082|Strong=3423|Frame=A0:060120010061;A1:060120010101;|Type=wayyiqtol 13 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_12:1!9|MId=o060120010091|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 14-15 אַרְצָ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 אַרְצ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 12 obj _ Gloss=land|Ref=JOS_12:1!10|MId=o060120010101|Strong=0776 15 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=JOS_12:1!10|MId=o060120010102|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 16-17 בְּעֵ֥בֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JOS_12:1!11|MId=o060120010111|Strong=0871a 17 עֵ֥בֶר עֵבֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=the.other.side|Ref=JOS_12:1!11|MId=o060120010112|Strong=5676 18-19 הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_12:1!12|MId=o060120010121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 יַּרְדֵּ֖ן יַרְדֵּן PROPN _ _ 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.Jordan|Ref=JOS_12:1!12|MId=o060120010122|Strong=3383 20-21 מִזְרְחָ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 מִזְרְח מִזְרָח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 advmod _ Gloss=the.rising|Ref=JOS_12:1!13|MId=o060120010131|Strong=4217 21 ָ֣ה ה X _ _ 20 nmod _ Gloss=towards|Ref=JOS_12:1!13|MId=o060120010132|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 22-23 הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 23 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_12:1!14|MId=o060120010141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 23 שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ שֶׁמֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 20 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.sun|Ref=JOS_12:1!14|MId=o060120010142|Strong=8121 24-25 מִנַּ֤חַל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JOS_12:1!15|MId=o060120010151|Strong=4480 25 נַּ֤חַל נַחַל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=the.wadi|Ref=JOS_12:1!15|MId=o060120010152|Strong=5158 26 אַרְנוֹן֙ אַרְנוֹן PROPN _ _ 25 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Arnon|Ref=JOS_12:1!16|MId=o060120010161|Strong=0769 27 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_12:1!17|MId=o060120010171|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 28 הַ֣ר הַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 conj _ Gloss=the.mountain|Ref=JOS_12:1!18|MId=o060120010181|Strong=2022 29 חֶרְמ֔וֹן חֶרְמוֹן PROPN _ _ 28 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Hermon|Ref=JOS_12:1!19|MId=o060120010191|Strong=2768 30-31 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 31 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_12:1!20|MId=o060120010201|Strong=2050b 31 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_12:1!20|MId=o060120010202|Strong=3605 32-33 הָעֲרָבָ֖ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_12:1!21|MId=o060120010211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 עֲרָבָ֖ה עֲרָבָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Arabah|Ref=JOS_12:1!21|MId=o060120010212|Strong=6160 34-35 מִזְרָֽחָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 מִזְרָֽח מִזְרָח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 33 nmod _ Gloss=eastward|Ref=JOS_12:1!22|MId=o060120010221|Strong=4217 35 ָה ה X _ _ 34 nmod _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_12:1!22|MId=o060120010222|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 36 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 35 punct _ Ref=JOS_12:1!22 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הִכּוּ *they defeated* | qatal · hiphil | מַלְכֵי *\[are\] the kings* | | | בְנֵֽי־ *the people* | | יִּֽרְשׁוּ *they took possession of* | wayyiqtol · qal | בְנֵֽי־ *the people* | אַרְצ *land* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְאִלֵין מַלְכֵי אַרְעָא דִמְחוֹ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וִירִיתוּ יַת אַרְעֲהוֹן בְּעִבְרָא דְיַרְדְנָא מַדְנַח שִׁמְשָׁא מִנַחֲלָא דְאַרְנוֹן עַד טוּרָא דְחֶרְמוֹן וְכָל מֵישְׁרָא מַדִינְחָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land beyond the Jordan toward the sunrising, from the valley of Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward:](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.290/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:279`. - ← previous: [Joshua 11:23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.11.23/) - next →: [Joshua 12:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.12.2/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/12/)