--- title: Joshua 18:16 — And the border went down to the uttermost part of the mountain that… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And the border went down to the uttermost part of the mountain that lieth before the Valley of the son of Hinnom, which is in the vale of Rephaim northward; and it went down to the Valley of Hinnom, to the side of the Jebusite southward, and went down to En-rogel. Who acts: border, mountain, Valley. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.18.16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/18/) / 18:16 # Joshua 18:16 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** border, mountain, Valley · **What happens:** go down, lie, be · **To what, where:** Valley, vale, En rogel This is Joshua 18:16 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — border, mountain, Valley — and what happens in the verse to Valley, vale, En rogel, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וְיָרַ֨ד הַגְּב֜וּל אֶל־קְצֵ֣ה הָהָ֗ר אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ גֵּ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔ם גֵּ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔םגֵּ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֛ר בְּעֵ֥מֶק רְפָאִ֖ים צָפ֑וֹנָה וְיָרַד֩ גֵּ֨י הִנֹּ֜ם גֵּ֨י הִנֹּ֜ם אֶל־כֶּ֤תֶף הַיְבוּסִי֙ נֶ֔גְבָּה וְיָרַ֖ד עֵ֥ינ רֹגֵֽל עֵ֥ינ רֹגֵֽל׃ [And the border went down to the uttermost part of the mountain that lieth before the Valley of the son of Hinnom, which is in the vale of Rephaim northward; and it went down to the Valley of Hinnom, to the side of the Jebusite southward, and went down to En-rogel.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.475/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:457 # text = וְיָרַ֨ד הַגְּב֜וּל אֶל־קְצֵ֣ה הָהָ֗ר אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל־פְּנֵי֙ גֵּ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔ם גֵּ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔םגֵּ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֛ר בְּעֵ֥מֶק רְפָאִ֖ים צָפ֑וֹנָה וְיָרַד֩ גֵּ֨י הִנֹּ֜ם גֵּ֨י הִנֹּ֜ם אֶל־כֶּ֤תֶף הַיְבוּסִי֙ נֶ֔גְבָּה וְיָרַ֖ד עֵ֥ינ רֹגֵֽל עֵ֥ינ רֹגֵֽל׃ # verse = JOS.18.16 1-2 וְיָרַ֨ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_18:16!1|MId=o060180160011|Strong=2050b 2 יָרַ֨ד יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.goes.down|Ref=JOS_18:16!1|MId=o060180160012|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:060180160022;|Type=weqatal 3-4 הַגְּב֜וּל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 4 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_18:16!2|MId=o060180160021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 4 גְּב֜וּל גְּבוּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ Gloss=border|Ref=JOS_18:16!2|MId=o060180160022|Strong=1366 5 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_18:16!3|MId=o060180160031|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 6 קְצֵ֣ה קָצֶה NOUN _ Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=the.end|Ref=JOS_18:16!4|MId=o060180160041|Strong=7097 7-8 הָהָ֗ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 8 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_18:16!5|MId=o060180160051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 8 הָ֗ר הַר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.mountain|Ref=JOS_18:16!5|MId=o060180160052|Strong=2022 9 אֲשֶׁר֙ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 11 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=JOS_18:16!6|MId=o060180160061|Strong=0834|Type=relative 10 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=[is].on|Ref=JOS_18:16!7|MId=o060180160071|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 11 פְּנֵי֙ פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 8 acl:relcl _ Gloss=the.face|Ref=JOS_18:16!8|MId=o060180160081|Strong=6440 12 גֵּ֣י גַּיְא NOUN _ Number=Sing 11 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.valley|Ref=JOS_18:16!9|MId=o060180160091 13 בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔ם _ NOUN _ _ 12 flat _ Ref=JOS_18:16!9 14 גֵּ֣י בֶּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_18:16!10|MId=o060180160101 15-16 בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔םגֵּ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔ם הִנֹּם NOUN _ _ 14 flat _ Ref=JOS_18:16!10 16 גֵּ֣י הִנֹּם PROPN _ _ 11 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Ben.Hinnom|Ref=JOS_18:16!11|MId=o060180160111 17 בֶנ־הִנֹּ֔ם _ PROPN _ _ 16 flat:name _ Ref=JOS_18:16!11 18 אֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 20 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=JOS_18:16!12|MId=o060180160121|Strong=0834|Type=relative 19-20 בְּעֵ֥מֶק _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 20 case _ Gloss=[is].in|Ref=JOS_18:16!13|MId=o060180160131|Strong=0871a 20 עֵ֥מֶק עֵמֶק NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 acl:relcl _ Gloss=the.valley|Ref=JOS_18:16!13|MId=o060180160132|Strong=6010 21 רְפָאִ֖ים רְפָאִים PROPN _ _ 20 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Rephaim|Ref=JOS_18:16!14|MId=o060180160141|Strong=7497a 22-23 צָפ֑וֹנָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 צָפ֑וֹנ צָפוֹן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 20 nmod _ Gloss=northward|Ref=JOS_18:16!15|MId=o060180160151|Strong=6828 23 ָה ה X _ _ 22 nmod _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_18:16!15|MId=o060180160152|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 24-25 וְיָרַד֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_18:16!16|MId=o060180160161|Strong=2050b 25 יָרַד֩ יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.goes.down|Ref=JOS_18:16!16|MId=o060180160162|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:060180160022;|Type=weqatal 26 גֵּ֨י גַּיְא NOUN _ Number=Sing 25 dep _ Gloss=the.valley|Ref=JOS_18:16!17|MId=o060180160171 27 הִנֹּ֜ם _ NOUN _ _ 26 flat _ Ref=JOS_18:16!17 28 גֵּ֨י הִנֹּם PROPN _ _ 25 dep _ Gloss=of.[Ben].Hinnom|Ref=JOS_18:16!18|MId=o060180160181 29 הִנֹּ֜ם _ PROPN _ _ 28 flat:name _ Ref=JOS_18:16!18 30 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 31 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_18:16!19|MId=o060180160191|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 31 כֶּ֤תֶף כָּתֵף NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=the.slope|Ref=JOS_18:16!20|MId=o060180160201|Strong=3802 32-33 הַיְבוּסִי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_18:16!21|MId=o060180160211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 יְבוּסִי֙ יְבוּסִי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.Jebusite[s]|Ref=JOS_18:16!21|MId=o060180160212|Strong=2983|Type=gentilic 34-35 נֶ֔גְבָּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 נֶ֔גְבּ נֶגֶב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 nmod _ Gloss=south|Ref=JOS_18:16!22|MId=o060180160221|Strong=5045 35 ָה ה X _ _ 34 nmod _ Gloss=to.[the]|Ref=JOS_18:16!22|MId=o060180160222|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 36-37 וְיָרַ֖ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 37 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_18:16!23|MId=o060180160231|Strong=2050b 37 יָרַ֖ד יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.goes.down|Ref=JOS_18:16!23|MId=o060180160232|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:060180160022;|Type=weqatal 38 עֵ֥ינ עֵין PROPN _ _ 37 dep _ Gloss=En|Ref=JOS_18:16!24|MId=o060180160241 39 רֹגֵֽל רֹגֵל PROPN _ _ 38 flat:name _ Ref=JOS_18:16!24 40 עֵ֥ינ עֵין PROPN _ _ 37 dep _ Gloss=Rogel|Ref=JOS_18:16!25|MId=o060180160251 41 רֹגֵֽל רֹגֵל PROPN _ _ 40 flat:name _ Ref=JOS_18:16!25|SpaceAfter=No 42 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 40 punct _ Ref=JOS_18:16!25 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יָרַד *it goes down* | weqatal · qal | גְּבוּל *border* | | | | | יָרַד *it goes down* | weqatal · qal | גְּבוּל *border* | | | | | יָרַד *it goes down* | weqatal · qal | גְּבוּל *border* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְנָחִית תְּחוּמָא לִסְטַר טוּרָא דִי עַל אַפֵּי חֵילַת בַּר הִנֹם דִי בְּמֵישַׁר גִבָּרַיָא צִפוּנָא וְנָחִית לְחֵילַת בַּר הִנֹם לְעִיבַר יְבוּס דָרוֹמָא וְנָחִית לְעֵין קַצְרָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And the border went down to the uttermost part of the mountain that lieth before the Valley of the son of Hinnom, which is in the vale of Rephaim northward; and it went down to the Valley of Hinnom, to the side of the Jebusite southward, and went down to En-rogel.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.475/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:457`. - ← previous: [Joshua 18:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.18.15/) - next →: [Joshua 18:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.18.17/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/18/)