--- title: Joshua 20:9 — These were the appointed cities for all the children of Israel, and… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: These were the appointed cities for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever killeth any person through error might flee thither, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation. Who acts: These, stranger, who --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.20.9/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/20/) / 20:9 # Joshua 20:9 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** These, stranger, whosoever, person · **What happens:** be, sojourn, kill, flee, not die, stand · **To what, where:** appointed cities, person, error, congregation This is Joshua 20:9 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — These, stranger, whosoever, person — and what happens in the verse to appointed cities, person, error, congregation, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. אֵ֣לֶּה הָיוּ֩ עָרֵ֨י הַמּֽוּעָדָ֜ה לְכֹ֣ל ׀ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וְלַגֵּר֙ הַגָּ֣ר בְּתוֹכָ֔ם לָנ֣וּס שָׁ֔מָּה כָּל־מַכֵּה־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָ֑ה וְלֹ֣א יָמ֗וּת בְּיַד֙ גֹּאֵ֣ל הַדָּ֔ם עַד־עָמְד֖וֹ לִפְנֵ֥י הָעֵדָֽה׃פ [These were the appointed cities for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever killeth any person through error might flee thither, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.551/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:529 # text = אֵ֣לֶּה הָיוּ֩ עָרֵ֨י הַמּֽוּעָדָ֜ה לְכֹ֣ל ׀ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וְלַגֵּר֙ הַגָּ֣ר בְּתוֹכָ֔ם לָנ֣וּס שָׁ֔מָּה כָּל־מַכֵּה־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָ֑ה וְלֹ֣א יָמ֗וּת בְּיַד֙ גֹּאֵ֣ל הַדָּ֔ם עַד־עָמְד֖וֹ לִפְנֵ֥י הָעֵדָֽה׃פ # verse = JOS.20.9 1 אֵ֣לֶּה אֵלֶּה PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 3 nsubj _ Gloss=these|Ref=JOS_20:9!1|MId=o060200090011|Strong=0428|Type=demonstrative 2 הָיוּ֩ הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 3 cop _ Gloss=they.were|Ref=JOS_20:9!2|MId=o060200090021|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:060200090011;|Type=qatal 3 עָרֵ֨י עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 0 root _ Gloss=the.cities|Ref=JOS_20:9!3|MId=o060200090031|Strong=5892 4-5 הַמּֽוּעָדָ֜ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 5 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=JOS_20:9!4|MId=o060200090041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 5 מּֽוּעָדָ֜ה מוּעָדָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 3 compound:smixut _ Gloss=appointment|Ref=JOS_20:9!4|MId=o060200090042|Strong=4152 6-7 לְכֹ֣ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=JOS_20:9!5|MId=o060200090051|Strong=3807a 7 כֹ֣ל כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_20:9!5|MId=o060200090052|Strong=3605 8 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 7 punct _ Ref=JOS_20:9!5 9 בְּנֵ֣י בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 7 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=JOS_20:9!6|MId=o060200090061|Strong=1121 10 יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 9 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JOS_20:9!7|MId=o060200090071|Strong=3478 11-14 וְלַגֵּר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 14 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_20:9!8|MId=o060200090081|Strong=2050b 12 לַ לְ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=JOS_20:9!8|MId=o060200090082|Strong=3807a 13 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_20:9!8|MId=o060200090082ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 גֵּר֙ גֵּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 conj _ Gloss=sojourner|Ref=JOS_20:9!8|MId=o060200090083|Strong=1616 15-16 הַגָּ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 16 mark _ Gloss=[who]|Ref=JOS_20:9!9|MId=o060200090091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 16 גָּ֣ר גּוּר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 14 acl:relcl _ Gloss=sojourns|Ref=JOS_20:9!9|MId=o060200090092|Strong=1481|Frame=A0:060200090084;|Type=participle_active 17-19 בְּתוֹכָ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=among|Ref=JOS_20:9!10|MId=o060200090101|Strong=0871a 18 תוֹכ תָּוֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_20:9!10|MId=o060200090102|Strong=8432 19 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Gloss=them|Ref=JOS_20:9!10|MId=o060200090103|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 20-21 לָנ֣וּס _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_20:9!11|MId=o060200090111|Strong=3807a 21 נ֣וּס נוּס VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 3 advcl _ Gloss=flee|Ref=JOS_20:9!11|MId=o060200090112|Strong=5127|Frame=A0:060200090141;|Type=infinitive_construct 22-23 שָׁ֔מָּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 שָׁ֔מּ שָׁם ADV _ _ 21 advmod _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_20:9!12|MId=o060200090121|Strong=8033 23 ָה ה X _ _ 22 nmod _ Gloss=(to)|Ref=JOS_20:9!12|MId=o060200090122|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 24 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ Gloss=any|Ref=JOS_20:9!13|MId=o060200090131|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 25 מַכֵּה־ נָכָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing 24 compound:smixut _ Gloss=[one.who].strikes.down|Ref=JOS_20:9!14|MId=o060200090141|Strong=5221|Frame=A1:060200090151;|Type=participle_active|SpaceAfter=No 26 נֶ֖פֶשׁ נֶפֶשׁ NOUN _ Number=Sing 25 obj _ Gloss=(of).a.person|Ref=JOS_20:9!15|MId=o060200090151|Strong=5315 27-28 בִּשְׁגָגָ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 בִּ בְּ ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=JOS_20:9!16|MId=o060200090161|Strong=0871a 28 שְׁגָגָ֑ה שְׁגָגָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=inadvertence|Ref=JOS_20:9!16|MId=o060200090162|Strong=7684 29-30 וְלֹ֣א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 31 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_20:9!17|MId=o060200090171|Strong=2050b 30 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 31 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_20:9!17|MId=o060200090172|Strong=3808|Type=negative 31 יָמ֗וּת מוּת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 3 conj _ Gloss=he.will.die|Ref=JOS_20:9!18|MId=o060200090181|Strong=4191|Frame=A0:060200090141;|Type=yiqtol 32-33 בְּיַד֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 33 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=JOS_20:9!19|MId=o060200090191|Strong=0871a 33 יַד֙ יָד NOUN _ Number=Sing 31 obl _ Gloss=the.hand|Ref=JOS_20:9!19|MId=o060200090192|Strong=3027 34 גֹּאֵ֣ל גָּאַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 33 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.avenger|Ref=JOS_20:9!20|MId=o060200090201|Strong=1350|Frame=A1:060200090212;|Type=participle_active 35-36 הַדָּ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 36 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=JOS_20:9!21|MId=o060200090211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 36 דָּ֔ם דָּם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 34 compound:smixut _ Gloss=blood|Ref=JOS_20:9!21|MId=o060200090212|Strong=1818 37 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 38 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=JOS_20:9!22|MId=o060200090221|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 38-39 עָמְד֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 עָמְד עָמַד VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 31 advcl _ Gloss=stands|Ref=JOS_20:9!23|MId=o060200090231|Strong=5975|Frame=A0:060200090232;|Type=infinitive_construct 39 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 38 nsubj _ Gloss=he|Ref=JOS_20:9!23|MId=o060200090232|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 40-41 לִפְנֵ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 41 case _ Gloss=before|Ref=JOS_20:9!24|MId=o060200090241|Strong=3807a 41 פְנֵ֥י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 38 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_20:9!24|MId=o060200090242|Strong=6440 42-43 הָעֵדָֽה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 43 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_20:9!25|MId=o060200090251|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 43 עֵדָֽה עֵדָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 41 compound:smixut _ Gloss=congregation|Ref=JOS_20:9!25|MId=o060200090252|Strong=5712 44 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 43 punct _ Ref=JOS_20:9!25|SpaceAfter=No 45 פ פ PUNCT _ _ 43 punct _ Ref=JOS_20:9!25 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | הָיוּ *they were* | qatal · qal | אֵלֶּה *these* | | | | | גָּר *sojourns* | participle active · qal | | | | | | נוּס *flee* | infinitive construct · qal | מַכֵּה־ *\[one who\] strikes down* | | | | | מַכֵּה־ *\[one who\] strikes down* | participle active · hiphil | | נֶפֶשׁ *(of) a person* | | | | **not** יָמוּת *he will die* | yiqtol · qal | מַכֵּה־ *\[one who\] strikes down* | | | | | גֹּאֵל *of the avenger* | participle active · qal | | דָּם *blood* | | | | עָמְד *stands* | infinitive construct · qal | וֹ *he* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} אִלֵין הֲוָאָה קִרְוַיָא דִמְזַמְנָן לְכֹל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְגִיוֹרַיָא דִי יִתְגַיְירוּן בֵּינֵיהוֹן לְמֶעְרָק לְתַמָן כָּל דְיִקְטוֹל נַפְשָׁא בְּשָׁלוּ וְלָא יְמוּת בִּידָא דְגָאֵיל דְמָא עַד דִיקוּם קֳדָם כְּנִשְׁתָּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [These were the appointed cities for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them, that whosoever killeth any person through error might flee thither, and not die by the hand of the avenger of blood, until he stood before the congregation.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.551/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:529`. - ← previous: [Joshua 20:8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.20.8/) - next →: [Joshua 21:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.21.1/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/20/)