--- title: Joshua 22:28 — Therefore said we: It shall be, when they so say to us or to our gen… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Therefore said we: It shall be, when they so say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we shall say: Behold the pattern of the altar of the LORD, which our fathers made, not for burnt-offering, nor for sacrifice; but it is a witness between us and you. Who acts: we, children, fathers, al --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.22.28/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/22/) / 22:28 # Joshua 22:28 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** we, children, fathers, altar · **What happens:** say, come, behold, make, be, pattern · **To what, where:** us, pattern, LORD, witness · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 22:28 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — we, children, fathers, altar — and what happens in the verse to us, pattern, LORD, witness, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַנֹּ֕אמֶר וְהָיָ֗ה כִּֽי־יֹאמְר֥וּ אֵלֵ֛ינוּ וְאֶל־דֹּרֹתֵ֖ינוּ מָחָ֑ר וְאָמַ֡רְנוּ רְא֣וּ אֶת־תַּבְנִית֩ מִזְבַּ֨ח יְהוָ֜ה אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֣וּ אֲבוֹתֵ֗ינוּ לֹ֤א לְעוֹלָה֙ וְלֹ֣א לְזֶ֔בַח כִּי־עֵ֣ד ה֔וּא בֵּינֵ֖ינוּ וּבֵינֵיכֶֽם׃ [Therefore said we: It shall be, when they so say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we shall say: Behold the pattern of the altar of the LORD, which our fathers made, not for burnt-offering, nor for sacrifice; but it is a witness between us and you.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.625/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:602 # text = וַנֹּ֕אמֶר וְהָיָ֗ה כִּֽי־יֹאמְר֥וּ אֵלֵ֛ינוּ וְאֶל־דֹּרֹתֵ֖ינוּ מָחָ֑ר וְאָמַ֡רְנוּ רְא֣וּ אֶת־תַּבְנִית֩ מִזְבַּ֨ח יְהוָ֜ה אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֣וּ אֲבוֹתֵ֗ינוּ לֹ֤א לְעוֹלָה֙ וְלֹ֣א לְזֶ֔בַח כִּי־עֵ֣ד ה֔וּא בֵּינֵ֖ינוּ וּבֵינֵיכֶֽם׃ # verse = JOS.22.28 1-2 וַנֹּ֕אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_22:28!1|MId=o060220280011|Strong=2050b 2 נֹּ֕אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 0 root _ Gloss=we.said|Ref=JOS_22:28!1|MId=o060220280012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060220210021;060220210042;060220210062;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 וְהָיָ֗ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_22:28!2|MId=o060220280021|Strong=2050b 4 הָיָ֗ה הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.will.be|Ref=JOS_22:28!2|MId=o060220280022|Strong=1961|Type=qatal 5 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 6 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JOS_22:28!3|MId=o060220280031|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 6 יֹאמְר֥וּ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 advcl _ Gloss=they.will.say|Ref=JOS_22:28!4|MId=o060220280041|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060220270191;|Type=yiqtol 7-8 אֵלֵ֛ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 אֵלֵ֛י אֶל ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_22:28!5|MId=o060220280051|Strong=0413 8 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 6 obl _ Gloss=us|Ref=JOS_22:28!5|MId=o060220280052|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 9-10 וְאֶל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_22:28!6|MId=o060220280061|Strong=2050b 10 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 11 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_22:28!6|MId=o060220280062|Strong=0413 11-12 דֹּרֹתֵ֖ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 דֹּרֹתֵ֖י דּוֹר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 8 conj _ Gloss=generations|Ref=JOS_22:28!7|MId=o060220280071|Strong=1755 12 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=JOS_22:28!7|MId=o060220280072|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 13 מָחָ֑ר מָחָר ADV _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 advmod _ Gloss=tomorrow|Ref=JOS_22:28!8|MId=o060220280081|Strong=4279 14-15 וְאָמַ֡רְנוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 15 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_22:28!9|MId=o060220280091|Strong=2050b 15 אָמַ֡רְנוּ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 2 conj _ Gloss=we.will.say|Ref=JOS_22:28!9|MId=o060220280092|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060220210021;060220210042;060220210062;|Type=weqatal 16 רְא֣וּ רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 15 ccomp _ Gloss=look.at|Ref=JOS_22:28!10|MId=o060220280101|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:060220270191;A1:060220280121;|Type=imperative 17 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_22:28!11|MId=o060220280111|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 18 תַּבְנִית֩ תַּבְנִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 16 obj _ Gloss=the.copy|Ref=JOS_22:28!12|MId=o060220280121|Strong=8403 19 מִזְבַּ֨ח מִזְבֵּחַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.altar|Ref=JOS_22:28!13|MId=o060220280131|Strong=4196 20 יְהוָ֜ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 19 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=JOS_22:28!14|MId=o060220280141|Strong=3068 21 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 22 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=JOS_22:28!15|MId=o060220280151|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 22 עָשׂ֣וּ עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 18 acl:relcl _ Gloss=they.made|Ref=JOS_22:28!16|MId=o060220280161|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:060220280171;A1:060220280121;|Type=qatal 23-24 אֲבוֹתֵ֗ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 אֲבוֹתֵ֗י אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ Gloss=ancestors|Ref=JOS_22:28!17|MId=o060220280171|Strong=0001 24 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 23 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=JOS_22:28!17|MId=o060220280172|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 25 לֹ֤א לֹא ADV _ _ 16 parataxis _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_22:28!18|MId=o060220280181|Strong=3808|Type=negative 26-27 לְעוֹלָה֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=JOS_22:28!19|MId=o060220280191|Strong=3807a 27 עוֹלָה֙ עֹלָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=burnt.offering|Ref=JOS_22:28!19|MId=o060220280192|Strong=5930 28-29 וְלֹ֣א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 29 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_22:28!20|MId=o060220280201|Strong=2050b 29 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 25 conj _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_22:28!20|MId=o060220280202|Strong=3808|Type=negative 30-31 לְזֶ֔בַח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 31 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=JOS_22:28!21|MId=o060220280211|Strong=3807a 31 זֶ֔בַח זֶבַח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 29 obl _ Gloss=sacrifice|Ref=JOS_22:28!21|MId=o060220280212|Strong=2077 32 כִּי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 33 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JOS_22:28!22|MId=o060220280221|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 33 עֵ֣ד עֵד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 advcl _ Gloss=[is].a.witness|Ref=JOS_22:28!23|MId=o060220280231|Strong=5707 34 ה֔וּא הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 33 nsubj _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOS_22:28!24|MId=o060220280241|Strong=1931|Type=personal 35-36 בֵּינֵ֖ינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 בֵּינֵ֖י בֵּין ADP _ _ 36 case _ Gloss=between|Ref=JOS_22:28!25|MId=o060220280251|Strong=0996 36 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 33 obl _ Gloss=us|Ref=JOS_22:28!25|MId=o060220280252|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 37-39 וּבֵינֵיכֶֽם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 37 וּ וְ CCONJ _ _ 39 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_22:28!26|MId=o060220280261|Strong=2050b 38 בֵינֵי בֵּין ADP _ _ 39 case _ Gloss=between|Ref=JOS_22:28!26|MId=o060220280262|Strong=0996 39 כֶֽם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 36 conj _ Gloss=you|Ref=JOS_22:28!26|MId=o060220280263|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 40 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 39 punct _ Ref=JOS_22:28!26 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | נֹּאמֶר *we said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | יֹאמְרוּ *they will say* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | | אָמַרְנוּ *we will say* | weqatal · qal | | | | | | **not** רְאוּ *look at* | imperative · qal | | תַּבְנִית *the copy* | | | | עָשׂוּ *they made* | qatal · qal | אֲבוֹתֵי *ancestors* | תַּבְנִית *the copy* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַרְנָא וִיהֵי אֲרֵי יֵימְרוּן לָנָא וּלְדָרָנָא מְחַר וְנֵימַר חֲזוֹ יַת דְמוּת מַדְבְּחָא דַייָ דִי עֲבַדוּ אַבְהָתָנָא לָא לַעֲלָתָא וְלֹא לְנִכְסַת קוּדְשַׁיָא אֲרֵי סָהִיד הוּא בֵּינָנָא וּבֵינֵיכוֹן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Therefore said we: It shall be, when they so say to us or to our generations in time to come, that we shall say: Behold the pattern of the altar of the LORD, which our fathers made, not for burnt-offering, nor for sacrifice; but it is a witness between us and you.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.625/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:602`. - ← previous: [Joshua 22:27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.22.27/) - next →: [Joshua 22:29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.22.29/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/22/)