--- title: Joshua 24:12 — And I sent the hornet before you, which drove them out from before y… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And I sent the hornet before you, which drove them out from before you, even the two kings of the Amorites; not with thy sword, nor with thy bow. Who acts: I, hornet. Joshua 24:12 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.12/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/24/) / 24:12 # Joshua 24:12 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** I, hornet · **What happens:** send, drive out · **To what, where:** hornet, men This is Joshua 24:12 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — I, hornet — and what happens in the verse to hornet, men, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וָאֶשְׁלַ֤ח לִפְנֵיכֶם֙ אֶת־הַצִּרְעָ֔ה וַתְּגָ֤רֶשׁ אוֹתָם֙ מִפְּנֵיכֶ֔ם שְׁנֵ֖י מַלְכֵ֣י הָאֱמֹרִ֑י לֹ֥א בְחַרְבְּךָ֖ וְלֹ֥א בְקַשְׁתֶּֽךָ׃ [And I sent the hornet before you, which drove them out from before you, even the two kings of the Amorites; not with thy sword, nor with thy bow.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.659/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:636 # text = וָאֶשְׁלַ֤ח לִפְנֵיכֶם֙ אֶת־הַצִּרְעָ֔ה וַתְּגָ֤רֶשׁ אוֹתָם֙ מִפְּנֵיכֶ֔ם שְׁנֵ֖י מַלְכֵ֣י הָאֱמֹרִ֑י לֹ֥א בְחַרְבְּךָ֖ וְלֹ֥א בְקַשְׁתֶּֽךָ׃ # verse = JOS.24.12 1-2 וָאֶשְׁלַ֤ח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וָ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_24:12!1|MId=o060240120011|Strong=2050b 2 אֶשְׁלַ֤ח שָׁלַח VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 0 root _ Gloss=I.sent|Ref=JOS_24:12!1|MId=o060240120012|Strong=7971|Frame=A0:060240070031;A1:060240120042;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-5 לִפְנֵיכֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=before|Ref=JOS_24:12!2|MId=o060240120021|Strong=3807a 4 פְנֵי פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_24:12!2|MId=o060240120022|Strong=6440 5 כֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 4 nmod:poss _ Gloss=you|Ref=JOS_24:12!2|MId=o060240120023|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 6 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_24:12!3|MId=o060240120031|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 7-8 הַצִּרְעָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 8 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_24:12!4|MId=o060240120041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 8 צִּרְעָ֔ה צִרְעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 obj _ Gloss=hornet|Ref=JOS_24:12!4|MId=o060240120042|Strong=6880 9-10 וַתְּגָ֤רֶשׁ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_24:12!5|MId=o060240120051|Strong=2050b 10 תְּגָ֤רֶשׁ גָּרַשׁ VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.drove.out|Ref=JOS_24:12!5|MId=o060240120052|Strong=1644|Frame=A0:060240120042;A1:060240120062;|Type=wayyiqtol 11-12 אוֹתָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 אוֹת אֵת ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_24:12!6|MId=o060240120061|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 12 ָם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 obj _ Gloss=them|Ref=JOS_24:12!6|MId=o060240120062|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 13-15 מִפְּנֵיכֶ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JOS_24:12!7|MId=o060240120071|Strong=4480 14 פְּנֵי פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 10 obl _ Gloss=before|Ref=JOS_24:12!7|MId=o060240120072|Strong=6440 15 כֶ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ Gloss=you|Ref=JOS_24:12!7|MId=o060240120073|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 16 שְׁנֵ֖י שְׁנַיִם NUM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Dual 17 nummod _ Gloss=the.two|Ref=JOS_24:12!8|MId=o060240120081|Strong=8147|Type=cardinal_number 17 מַלְכֵ֣י מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 12 appos _ Gloss=the.kings|Ref=JOS_24:12!9|MId=o060240120091|Strong=4428 18-19 הָאֱמֹרִ֑י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_24:12!10|MId=o060240120101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 אֱמֹרִ֑י אֱמֹרִי NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.Amorite[s]|Ref=JOS_24:12!10|MId=o060240120102|Strong=0567|Type=gentilic 20 לֹ֥א לֹא ADV _ _ 10 parataxis _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_24:12!11|MId=o060240120111|Strong=3808|Type=negative 21-23 בְחַרְבְּךָ֖ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=JOS_24:12!12|MId=o060240120121|Strong=0871a 22 חַרְבּ חֶרֶב NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 20 obl _ Gloss=sword|Ref=JOS_24:12!12|MId=o060240120122|Strong=2719 23 ְךָ֖ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 22 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=JOS_24:12!12|MId=o060240120123|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 24-25 וְלֹ֥א _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_24:12!13|MId=o060240120131|Strong=2050b 25 לֹ֥א לֹא ADV _ _ 20 conj _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_24:12!13|MId=o060240120132|Strong=3808|Type=negative 26-28 בְקַשְׁתֶּֽךָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 27 case _ Gloss=by|Ref=JOS_24:12!14|MId=o060240120141|Strong=0871a 27 קַשְׁתּ קֶשֶׁת NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 25 obl _ Gloss=bow|Ref=JOS_24:12!14|MId=o060240120142|Strong=7198 28 ֶֽךָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 27 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=JOS_24:12!14|MId=o060240120143|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 29 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 28 punct _ Ref=JOS_24:12!14 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | אֶשְׁלַח *I sent* | wayyiqtol · qal | | צִּרְעָה *hornet* | | | | **not** תְּגָרֶשׁ *it drove out* | wayyiqtol · piel | צִּרְעָה *hornet* | ָם *them* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וּשְׁלָחִית קֳדָמֵיכוֹן יַת עַרְעִיתָא וְתָרְכֵית יַתְהוֹן מִן קֳדָמֵיכוֹן תְּרֵין מַלְכֵי אֱמוֹרָאֵי לָא בְחַרְבָּךְ וְלָא בְקַשְׁתָּךְ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And I sent the hornet before you, which drove them out from before you, even the two kings of the Amorites; not with thy sword, nor with thy bow.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.659/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:636`. - ← previous: [Joshua 24:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.11/) - next →: [Joshua 24:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.13/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/24/)