--- title: Joshua 24:22 — And Joshua said unto the people: 'Ye are witnesses against yourselve… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Joshua said unto the people: 'Ye are witnesses against yourselves that ye have chosen you the LORD, to serve Him. — And they said: 'We are witnesses.' — Who acts: Joshua, Ye, people, We. Joshua 24:22 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.22/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/24/) / 24:22 # Joshua 24:22 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Joshua, Ye, people, We · **What happens:** say, be, choose, serve · **To what, where:** witnesses, LORD, you · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 24:22 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Joshua, Ye, people, We — and what happens in the verse to witnesses, LORD, you, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ אֶל־הָעָ֗ם עֵדִ֤ים אַתֶּם֙ בָּכֶ֔ם כִּֽי־אַתֶּ֞ם בְּחַרְתֶּ֥ם לָכֶ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה לַעֲבֹ֣ד אוֹת֑וֹ וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ עֵדִֽים׃ [And Joshua said unto the people: 'Ye are witnesses against yourselves that ye have chosen you the LORD, to serve Him. — And they said: 'We are witnesses.' —](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.669/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:646 # text = וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ אֶל־הָעָ֗ם עֵדִ֤ים אַתֶּם֙ בָּכֶ֔ם כִּֽי־אַתֶּ֞ם בְּחַרְתֶּ֥ם לָכֶ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה לַעֲבֹ֣ד אוֹת֑וֹ וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ עֵדִֽים׃ # verse = JOS.24.22 1-2 וַיֹּ֨אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_24:22!1|MId=o060240220011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֨אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=JOS_24:22!1|MId=o060240220012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060240220021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_24:22!2|MId=o060240220021|Strong=3091 4 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_24:22!3|MId=o060240220031|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 5-6 הָעָ֗ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_24:22!4|MId=o060240220041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 עָ֗ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=people|Ref=JOS_24:22!4|MId=o060240220042|Strong=5971 7 עֵדִ֤ים עֵד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 ccomp _ Gloss=[are].witnesses|Ref=JOS_24:22!5|MId=o060240220051|Strong=5707 8 אַתֶּם֙ אַתֶּם PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 7 nsubj _ Gloss=you|Ref=JOS_24:22!6|MId=o060240220061|Strong=0859a|Type=personal 9-10 בָּכֶ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 10 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JOS_24:22!7|MId=o060240220071|Strong=0871a 10 ָכֶ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 7 obl _ Gloss=yourselves|Ref=JOS_24:22!7|MId=o060240220072|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 11 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 13 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=JOS_24:22!8|MId=o060240220081|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 12 אַתֶּ֞ם אַתֶּם PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 13 nsubj _ Gloss=you|Ref=JOS_24:22!9|MId=o060240220091|Strong=0859a|Type=personal 13 בְּחַרְתֶּ֥ם בָּחַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 7 advcl _ Gloss=you.have.chosen|Ref=JOS_24:22!10|MId=o060240220101|Strong=0977|Frame=A0:060240220091;A1:060240220131;|Type=qatal 14-15 לָכֶ֛ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 ל לְ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=JOS_24:22!11|MId=o060240220111|Strong=3807a 15 ָכֶ֛ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 13 obl _ Gloss=yourselves|Ref=JOS_24:22!11|MId=o060240220112|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 16 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_24:22!12|MId=o060240220121|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 17 יְהוָ֖ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 13 obj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JOS_24:22!13|MId=o060240220131|Strong=3068 18-19 לַעֲבֹ֣ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 לַ לְ ADP _ _ 19 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_24:22!14|MId=o060240220141|Strong=3807a 19 עֲבֹ֣ד עָבַד VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 13 xcomp _ Gloss=serve|Ref=JOS_24:22!14|MId=o060240220142|Strong=5647|Frame=A0:060240220042;A1:060240220152;|Type=infinitive_construct 20-21 אוֹת֑וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 אוֹת אֵת ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_24:22!15|MId=o060240220151|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 21 ֑וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 19 obj _ Gloss=him|Ref=JOS_24:22!15|MId=o060240220152|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 22-23 וַיֹּאמְר֖וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_24:22!16|MId=o060240220161|Strong=2050b 23 יֹּאמְר֖וּ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.said|Ref=JOS_24:22!16|MId=o060240220162|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060240220042;|Type=wayyiqtol 24 עֵדִֽים עֵד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 23 ccomp _ Gloss=witnesses|Ref=JOS_24:22!17|MId=o060240220171|Strong=5707|SpaceAfter=No 25 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 24 punct _ Ref=JOS_24:22!17 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | בְּחַרְתֶּם *you have chosen* | qatal · qal | אַתֶּם *you* | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | עֲבֹד *serve* | infinitive construct · qal | עָם *people* | וֹ *him* | | | | יֹּאמְרוּ *they said* | wayyiqtol · qal | עָם *people* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לְעַמָא סַהֲדִין אַתּוּן בְּנַפְשַׁתְכוֹן אֲרֵי אַתּוּן בְּחַרְתּוּן לְכוֹן יַת פּוּלְחָנָא דַייָ לְמִפְלַח קֳדָמוֹהִי וַאֲמַרוּ סַהֲדִין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Joshua said unto the people: 'Ye are witnesses against yourselves that ye have chosen you the LORD, to serve Him. — And they said: 'We are witnesses.' —](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.669/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:646`. - ← previous: [Joshua 24:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.21/) - next →: [Joshua 24:23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.23/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/24/)