--- title: Joshua 24:27 — And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Behold, this stone shall be a… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Behold, this stone shall be a witness against us; for it hath heard all the words of the LORD which He spoke unto us; it shall be therefore a witness against you, lest ye deny your God.' Who acts: Joshua, stone, ye. Joshua 24:27 in Hebrew with its dependency tre --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.27/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/24/) / 24:27 # Joshua 24:27 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Joshua, stone, ye · **What happens:** say, be, hear, speak, deny, word · **To what, where:** witness, words, God, LORD · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 24:27 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Joshua, stone, ye — and what happens in the verse to witness, words, God, LORD, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ אֶל־כָּל־הָעָ֗ם הִנֵּ֨ה הָאֶ֤בֶן הַזֹּאת֙ תִּֽהְיֶה־בָּ֣נוּ לְעֵדָ֔ה כִּֽי־הִ֣יא שָׁמְעָ֗ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־אִמְרֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֶּ֖ר עִמָּ֑נוּ וְהָיְתָ֤ה בָכֶם֙ לְעֵדָ֔ה פֶּֽן־תְּכַחֲשׁ֖וּן בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ [And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Behold, this stone shall be a witness against us; for it hath heard all the words of the LORD which He spoke unto us; it shall be therefore a witness against you, lest ye deny your God.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.674/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:651 # text = וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ אֶל־כָּל־הָעָ֗ם הִנֵּ֨ה הָאֶ֤בֶן הַזֹּאת֙ תִּֽהְיֶה־בָּ֣נוּ לְעֵדָ֔ה כִּֽי־הִ֣יא שָׁמְעָ֗ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־אִמְרֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֶּ֖ר עִמָּ֑נוּ וְהָיְתָ֤ה בָכֶם֙ לְעֵדָ֔ה פֶּֽן־תְּכַחֲשׁ֖וּן בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ # verse = JOS.24.27 1-2 וַיֹּ֨אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_24:27!1|MId=o060240270011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֨אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=JOS_24:27!1|MId=o060240270012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060240270021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_24:27!2|MId=o060240270021|Strong=3091 4 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_24:27!3|MId=o060240270031|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 5 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_24:27!4|MId=o060240270041|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 6-7 הָעָ֗ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_24:27!5|MId=o060240270051|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 עָ֗ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=people|Ref=JOS_24:27!5|MId=o060240270052|Strong=5971 8 הִנֵּ֨ה הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 17 discourse _ Gloss=here!|Ref=JOS_24:27!6|MId=o060240270061|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 9-10 הָאֶ֤בֶן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_24:27!7|MId=o060240270071|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 אֶ֤בֶן אֶבֶן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ Gloss=stone|Ref=JOS_24:27!7|MId=o060240270072|Strong=0068 11-12 הַזֹּאת֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 12 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOS_24:27!8|MId=o060240270081|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 12 זֹּאת֙ זֹאת DET _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 10 det _ Gloss=this|Ref=JOS_24:27!8|MId=o060240270082|Strong=2063|Type=demonstrative 13 תִּֽהְיֶה־ הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 17 cop _ Gloss=it.will.become|Ref=JOS_24:27!9|MId=o060240270091|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:060240270072;|Type=yiqtol|SpaceAfter=No 14-15 בָּ֣נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 בּ בְּ ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JOS_24:27!10|MId=o060240270101|Strong=0871a 15 ָ֣נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 obl _ Gloss=us|Ref=JOS_24:27!10|MId=o060240270102|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 16-17 לְעֵדָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=(into).a|Ref=JOS_24:27!11|MId=o060240270111|Strong=3807a 17 עֵדָ֔ה עֵדָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 2 ccomp _ Gloss=witness|Ref=JOS_24:27!11|MId=o060240270112|Strong=5713 18 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 20 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=JOS_24:27!12|MId=o060240270121|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 19 הִ֣יא הִיא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOS_24:27!13|MId=o060240270131|Strong=1931a|Type=personal 20 שָׁמְעָ֗ה שָׁמַע VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 17 advcl _ Gloss=it.has.heard|Ref=JOS_24:27!14|MId=o060240270141|Strong=8085|Frame=A0:060240270131;A1:060240270171;|Type=qatal 21 אֵ֚ת אֵת ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_24:27!15|MId=o060240270151|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 22 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_24:27!16|MId=o060240270161|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 23 אִמְרֵ֣י אֵמֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.words|Ref=JOS_24:27!17|MId=o060240270171|Strong=0561 24 יְהוָ֔ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 23 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=JOS_24:27!18|MId=o060240270181|Strong=3068 25 אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 26 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=JOS_24:27!19|MId=o060240270191|Strong=0834|Type=relative 26 דִּבֶּ֖ר דָבַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 22 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.has.spoken|Ref=JOS_24:27!20|MId=o060240270201|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:060240270181;A1:060240270171;|Type=qatal 27-28 עִמָּ֑נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 עִמּ עִם ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=JOS_24:27!21|MId=o060240270211|Strong=5973 28 ָ֑נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 26 obl _ Gloss=us|Ref=JOS_24:27!21|MId=o060240270212|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 29-30 וְהָיְתָ֤ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 34 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_24:27!22|MId=o060240270221|Strong=2050b 30 הָיְתָ֤ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 34 cop _ Gloss=it.will.become|Ref=JOS_24:27!22|MId=o060240270222|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:060240270072;|Type=weqatal 31-32 בָכֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 ב בְּ ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JOS_24:27!23|MId=o060240270231|Strong=0871a 32 ָכֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 34 obl _ Gloss=you|Ref=JOS_24:27!23|MId=o060240270232|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 33-34 לְעֵדָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=(into).a|Ref=JOS_24:27!24|MId=o060240270241|Strong=3807a 34 עֵדָ֔ה עֵדָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 conj _ Gloss=witness|Ref=JOS_24:27!24|MId=o060240270242|Strong=5713 35 פֶּֽן־ פֶּן SCONJ _ _ 36 mark _ Gloss=lest|Ref=JOS_24:27!25|MId=o060240270251|Strong=6435|SpaceAfter=No 36-37 תְּכַחֲשׁ֖וּן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 תְּכַחֲשׁ֖וּ כָּחַשׁ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=2 17 advcl _ Gloss=you|Ref=JOS_24:27!26|MId=o060240270261|Strong=3584|Frame=A0:060240270052;|Type=yiqtol 37 ן נ X _ _ 36 nmod _ Gloss=should.deny|Ref=JOS_24:27!26|MId=o060240270262|Strong=4993b|Type=paragogic_nun 38-40 בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶֽם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 בֵּ בְּ ADP _ _ 39 case _ Gloss=(in)|Ref=JOS_24:27!27|MId=o060240270271|Strong=0871a 39 אלֹהֵי אֱלֹהִים NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 36 obl _ Gloss=God|Ref=JOS_24:27!27|MId=o060240270272|Strong=0430 40 כֶֽם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 39 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=JOS_24:27!27|MId=o060240270273|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 41 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 40 punct _ Ref=JOS_24:27!27 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | תִּֽהְיֶה־ *it will become* | yiqtol · qal | אֶבֶן *stone* | | | | | שָׁמְעָה *it has heard* | qatal · qal | הִיא *it* | אִמְרֵי *the words* | | | | דִּבֶּר *he has spoken* | qatal · piel | יְהוָה *of Yahweh* | אִמְרֵי *the words* | | | | הָיְתָה *it will become* | weqatal · qal | אֶבֶן *stone* | | | | | תְּכַחֲשׁוּ *you* | yiqtol · piel | עָם *people* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לְכָל עַמָא הָא אַבְנָא הָדָא תְּהֵי לָנָא כִּתְרֵין לוּחֵי אֶבֶן קְיָמָא אֲרֵי יָתָהּ עֲבַדְנָא לְסַהֲדוּ אֲרֵי פִּתְגָמַיָא דִכְתִיבִין עֲלָהּ מֵעֵין כָּל פִּתְגָמַיָא דִי מַלֵיל עִמָנָא וּתְהֵי בְכוֹן לְדָכְרָן וּלְסַהֲדוּ דִילְמָא תְכַדְבוּן קֳדָם אֱלָהָכוֹן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Behold, this stone shall be a witness against us; for it hath heard all the words of the LORD which He spoke unto us; it shall be therefore a witness against you, lest ye deny your God.'](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.674/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:651`. - ← previous: [Joshua 24:26](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.26/) - next →: [Joshua 24:28](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.28/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 24](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/24/)