--- title: Joshua 3:16 — that the waters which came down from above stood, and rose up in one… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: that the waters which came down from above stood, and rose up in one heap, a great way off from Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan; and those that went down toward the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, were wholly cut off; and the people passed over right against Jericho. Who acts: waters, c --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.3.16/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/3/) / 3:16 # Joshua 3:16 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** waters, city, people · **What happens:** come down, stand, rise up, be, go down, cut off · **To what, where:** great way, one heap, Zarethan, those, Jericho This is Joshua 3:16 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — waters, city, people — and what happens in the verse to great way, one heap, Zarethan, those, Jericho, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיַּעַמְד֡וּ הַמַּיִם֩ הַיֹּרְדִ֨ים מִלְמַ֜עְלָה קָ֣מוּ נֵד־אֶחָ֗ד הַרְחֵ֨ק מְאֹ֜ד מֵֽאָדָ֤ם הָעִיר֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ מִצַּ֣ד צָֽרְתָ֔ן וְהַיֹּרְדִ֗ים עַ֣ל יָ֧ם הָעֲרָבָ֛ה יָם־הַמֶּ֖לַח תַּ֣מּוּ נִכְרָ֑תוּ וְהָעָ֥ם עָבְר֖וּ נֶ֥גֶד יְרִיחֽוֹ׃ [that the waters which came down from above stood, and rose up in one heap, a great way off from Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan; and those that went down toward the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, were wholly cut off; and the people passed over right against Jericho.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.58/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:57 # text = וַיַּעַמְד֡וּ הַמַּיִם֩ הַיֹּרְדִ֨ים מִלְמַ֜עְלָה קָ֣מוּ נֵד־אֶחָ֗ד הַרְחֵ֨ק מְאֹ֜ד מֵֽאָדָ֤ם הָעִיר֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ מִצַּ֣ד צָֽרְתָ֔ן וְהַיֹּרְדִ֗ים עַ֣ל יָ֧ם הָעֲרָבָ֛ה יָם־הַמֶּ֖לַח תַּ֣מּוּ נִכְרָ֑תוּ וְהָעָ֥ם עָבְר֖וּ נֶ֥גֶד יְרִיחֽוֹ׃ # verse = JOS.3.16 1-2 וַיַּעַמְד֡וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_3:16!1|MId=o060030160011|Strong=2050b 2 יַּעַמְד֡וּ עָמַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.stood|Ref=JOS_3:16!1|MId=o060030160012|Strong=5975|Frame=A0:060030160022;|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 הַמַּיִם֩ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 4 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_3:16!2|MId=o060030160021|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 4 מַּיִם֩ מַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=waters|Ref=JOS_3:16!2|MId=o060030160022|Strong=4325 5-6 הַיֹּרְדִ֨ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 6 mark _ Gloss=[which].came|Ref=JOS_3:16!3|MId=o060030160031|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 יֹּרְדִ֨ים יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 4 acl:relcl _ Gloss=down|Ref=JOS_3:16!3|MId=o060030160032|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:060030160022;|Type=participle_active 7-10 מִלְמַ֜עְלָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JOS_3:16!4|MId=o060030160041|Strong=4480 8 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_3:16!4|MId=o060030160042|Strong=3807a 9 מַ֜עְל מַעַל ADV _ _ 6 obl _ Gloss=above|Ref=JOS_3:16!4|MId=o060030160043|Strong=4605 10 ָה ה X _ _ 9 nmod _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_3:16!4|MId=o060030160044|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 11 קָ֣מוּ קוּם VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=they.rose|Ref=JOS_3:16!5|MId=o060030160051|Strong=6965|Frame=A0:060030160022;|Type=qatal 12 נֵד־ נֵד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 obl _ Gloss=a.heap|Ref=JOS_3:16!6|MId=o060030160061|Strong=5067|SpaceAfter=No 13 אֶחָ֗ד אֶחָד NUM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 nummod _ Gloss=one|Ref=JOS_3:16!7|MId=o060030160071|Strong=0259|Type=cardinal_number 14 הַרְחֵ֨ק רָחַק VERB _ HebBinyan=HIPHIL 11 advmod _ Gloss=far.away|Ref=JOS_3:16!8|MId=o060030160081|Strong=7368|Type=infinitive_absolute 15 מְאֹ֜ד מְאֹד ADV _ _ 14 advmod _ Gloss=very|Ref=JOS_3:16!9|MId=o060030160091|Strong=3966 16-17 מֵֽאָדָ֤ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 מֵֽ מִן ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JOS_3:16!11|MId=o060030160111|Strong=4480 17 אָדָ֤ם אָדָם PROPN _ _ 11 obl _ Gloss=Adam|Ref=JOS_3:16!11|MId=o060030160112|Strong=0121a 18-19 הָעִיר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_3:16!12|MId=o060030160121|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 עִיר֙ עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 appos _ Gloss=city|Ref=JOS_3:16!12|MId=o060030160122|Strong=5892 20 אֲשֶׁר֙ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 22 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=JOS_3:16!13|MId=o060030160131|Strong=0834|Type=relative 21-22 מִצַּ֣ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=[is].from|Ref=JOS_3:16!14|MId=o060030160141|Strong=4480 22 צַּ֣ד צַד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 19 acl:relcl _ Gloss=the.side|Ref=JOS_3:16!14|MId=o060030160142|Strong=6654 23 צָֽרְתָ֔ן צָרְתָן PROPN _ _ 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Zarethan|Ref=JOS_3:16!15|MId=o060030160151|Strong=6891 24-26 וְהַיֹּרְדִ֗ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 34 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_3:16!16|MId=o060030160161|Strong=2050b 25 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 26 mark _ Gloss=[those|Ref=JOS_3:16!16|MId=o060030160162|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 26 יֹּרְדִ֗ים יָרַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 34 nsubj _ Gloss=which].went.down|Ref=JOS_3:16!16|MId=o060030160163|Strong=3381|Frame=A0:060030160022;|Type=participle_active 27 עַ֣ל עַל ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_3:16!17|MId=o060030160171|Strong=5921 28 יָ֧ם יָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 26 obl _ Gloss=the.sea|Ref=JOS_3:16!18|MId=o060030160181|Strong=3220 29-30 הָעֲרָבָ֛ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 30 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_3:16!19|MId=o060030160191|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 30 עֲרָבָ֛ה עֲרָבָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 28 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.Arabah|Ref=JOS_3:16!19|MId=o060030160192|Strong=6160 31 יָם־ יָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 28 appos _ Gloss=the.Sea|Ref=JOS_3:16!20|MId=o060030160201|Strong=3220|SpaceAfter=No 32-33 הַמֶּ֖לַח _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=JOS_3:16!21|MId=o060030160211|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 מֶּ֖לַח מֶלַח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Salt|Ref=JOS_3:16!21|MId=o060030160212|Strong=4417 34 תַּ֣מּוּ תָּמַם VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.were.complete|Ref=JOS_3:16!22|MId=o060030160221|Strong=8552|Frame=A0:060030160163;|Type=qatal 35 נִכְרָ֑תוּ כָּרַת VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 34 parataxis _ Gloss=they.were.cut.off|Ref=JOS_3:16!23|MId=o060030160231|Strong=3772|Frame=A1:060030160163;|Type=qatal 36-38 וְהָעָ֥ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 39 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_3:16!24|MId=o060030160241|Strong=2050b 37 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 38 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_3:16!24|MId=o060030160242|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 38 עָ֥ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 39 nsubj _ Gloss=people|Ref=JOS_3:16!24|MId=o060030160243|Strong=5971 39 עָבְר֖וּ עָבַר VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.passed.over|Ref=JOS_3:16!25|MId=o060030160251|Strong=5674|Frame=A0:060030160243;|Type=qatal 40 נֶ֥גֶד נֶגֶד NOUN _ _ 39 obl _ Gloss=before|Ref=JOS_3:16!26|MId=o060030160261|Strong=5048 41 יְרִיחֽוֹ יְרִיחֹו־יְרִחֹו PROPN _ _ 40 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Jericho|Ref=JOS_3:16!27|MId=o060030160271|Strong=3405|SpaceAfter=No 42 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 41 punct _ Ref=JOS_3:16!27 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יַּעַמְדוּ *they stood* | wayyiqtol · qal | מַּיִם *waters* | | | | | יֹּרְדִים *down* | participle active · qal | מַּיִם *waters* | | | | | קָמוּ *they rose* | qatal · qal | מַּיִם *waters* | | | | | יֹּרְדִים *which\] went down* | participle active · qal | מַּיִם *waters* | | | | | תַּמּוּ *they were complete* | qatal · qal | יֹּרְדִים *which\] went down* | | | | | נִכְרָתוּ *they were cut off* | qatal · niphal | | יֹּרְדִים *which\] went down* | | | | עָבְרוּ *they passed over* | qatal · qal | עָם *people* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְקָמוּ מַיָא דְנַחְתִין מִלְעֵילָא קָמוּ רוּקְבָא חָד רְחִיקִין לַחֲדָא מֵאָדָם קַרְתָּא דְבִסְטַר צָרְתָן וּדְנַחֲתִין לְיַמָא דְמֵישְׁרָא לְיַמָא דְמִלְחָא שְׁלִימוּ פְּסָקוּ וְעַמָא עֲבָרוּ לָקֳבֵיל יְרֵיחוֹ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [that the waters which came down from above stood, and rose up in one heap, a great way off from Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan; and those that went down toward the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, were wholly cut off; and the people passed over right against Jericho.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.58/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:57`. - ← previous: [Joshua 3:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.3.15/) - next →: [Joshua 3:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.3.17/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/3/)