--- title: Joshua 4:18 — And it came to pass, as the priests that bore the ark of the covenan… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And it came to pass, as the priests that bore the ark of the covenant of the LORD came up out of the midst of the Jordan, as soon as the soles of the priests' feet were drawn up unto the dry ground, that the waters of the Jordan returned unto their place, and went over all its banks, as aforetime. W --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.18/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/4/) / 4:18 # Joshua 4:18 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Jordan, priests, waters, LORD · **What happens:** come, pass, bear, come up, draw up, return · **To what, where:** ark, midst, soles, banks This is Joshua 4:18 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Jordan, priests, waters, LORD — and what happens in the verse to ark, midst, soles, banks, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַ֠יְהִי כַּעֲל֨וֹת הַכֹּהֲנִ֜ים נֹשְׂאֵ֨י אֲר֤וֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָה֙ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן נִתְּק֗וּ כַּפּוֹת֙ רַגְלֵ֣י הַכֹּהֲנִ֔ים אֶ֖ל הֶחָרָבָ֑ה וַיָּשֻׁ֤בוּ מֵֽי־הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ לִמְקוֹמָ֔ם וַיֵּלְכ֥וּ כִתְמוֹל־שִׁלְשׁ֖וֹם עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָֽיו׃ [And it came to pass, as the priests that bore the ark of the covenant of the LORD came up out of the midst of the Jordan, as soon as the soles of the priests' feet were drawn up unto the dry ground, that the waters of the Jordan returned unto their place, and went over all its banks, as aforetime.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.77/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:76 # text = וַ֠יְהִי כַּעֲל֨וֹת הַכֹּהֲנִ֜ים נֹשְׂאֵ֨י אֲר֤וֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָה֙ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן נִתְּק֗וּ כַּפּוֹת֙ רַגְלֵ֣י הַכֹּהֲנִ֔ים אֶ֖ל הֶחָרָבָ֑ה וַיָּשֻׁ֤בוּ מֵֽי־הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ לִמְקוֹמָ֔ם וַיֵּלְכ֥וּ כִתְמוֹל־שִׁלְשׁ֖וֹם עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָֽיו׃ # verse = JOS.4.18 1-2 וַ֠יְהִי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ֠ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_4:18!1|MId=o060040180011|Strong=2050b 2 יְהִי הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=JOS_4:18!1|MId=o060040180012|Strong=1961|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 כַּעֲל֨וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_4:18!3|MId=o060040180031|Strong=3509a 4 עֲל֨וֹת עָלָה VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 2 advcl _ Gloss=as.came.up|Ref=JOS_4:18!3|MId=o060040180032|Strong=5927|Frame=A0:060040180042;|Type=infinitive_construct 5-6 הַכֹּהֲנִ֜ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_4:18!4|MId=o060040180041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 כֹּהֲנִ֜ים כֹּהֵן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 4 nsubj _ Gloss=priests|Ref=JOS_4:18!4|MId=o060040180042|Strong=3548 7 נֹשְׂאֵ֨י נָשָׂא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur 6 appos _ Gloss=[who].carry|Ref=JOS_4:18!5|MId=o060040180051|Strong=5375|Frame=A0:060040180042;A1:060040180061;|Type=participle_active 8 אֲר֤וֹן אֲרוֹן NOUN _ Number=Sing 7 compound:smixut _ Gloss=(of).the.ark|Ref=JOS_4:18!6|MId=o060040180061|Strong=0727 9 בְּרִית־ בְּרִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.covenant|Ref=JOS_4:18!7|MId=o060040180071|Strong=1285|SpaceAfter=No 10 יְהוָה֙ יהוה PROPN _ _ 9 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=JOS_4:18!8|MId=o060040180081|Strong=3068 11-12 מִתּ֣וֹךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JOS_4:18!9|MId=o060040180091|Strong=4480 12 תּ֣וֹךְ תָּוֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 obl _ Gloss=the.middle|Ref=JOS_4:18!9|MId=o060040180092|Strong=8432 13-14 הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 14 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_4:18!10|MId=o060040180101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 14 יַּרְדֵּ֔ן יַרְדֵּן PROPN _ _ 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.Jordan|Ref=JOS_4:18!10|MId=o060040180102|Strong=3383 15 נִתְּק֗וּ נָתַק VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 parataxis _ Gloss=they.were.drawn.out|Ref=JOS_4:18!11|MId=o060040180111|Strong=5423|Frame=A1:060040180121;|Type=qatal 16 כַּפּוֹת֙ כַּף NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 15 nsubj _ Gloss=the.soles|Ref=JOS_4:18!12|MId=o060040180121|Strong=3709 17 רַגְלֵ֣י רֶגֶל NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Dual 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.feet|Ref=JOS_4:18!13|MId=o060040180131|Strong=7272 18-19 הַכֹּהֲנִ֔ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_4:18!14|MId=o060040180141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 כֹּהֲנִ֔ים כֹּהֵן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.priests|Ref=JOS_4:18!14|MId=o060040180142|Strong=3548 20 אֶ֖ל אֶל ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_4:18!15|MId=o060040180151|Strong=0413 21-22 הֶחָרָבָ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 הֶ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=the.dry|Ref=JOS_4:18!16|MId=o060040180161|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 חָרָבָ֑ה חָרָבָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 15 obl _ Gloss=ground|Ref=JOS_4:18!16|MId=o060040180162|Strong=2724 23-24 וַיָּשֻׁ֤בוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 24 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_4:18!17|MId=o060040180171|Strong=2050b 24 יָּשֻׁ֤בוּ שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.returned|Ref=JOS_4:18!17|MId=o060040180172|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:060040180181;|Type=wayyiqtol 25 מֵֽי־ מַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 24 nsubj _ Gloss=the.waters|Ref=JOS_4:18!18|MId=o060040180181|Strong=4325|SpaceAfter=No 26-27 הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 27 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_4:18!19|MId=o060040180191|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 27 יַּרְדֵּן֙ יַרְדֵּן PROPN _ _ 25 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.Jordan|Ref=JOS_4:18!19|MId=o060040180192|Strong=3383 28-30 לִמְקוֹמָ֔ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_4:18!20|MId=o060040180201|Strong=3807a 29 מְקוֹמ מָקוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 24 obl _ Gloss=place|Ref=JOS_4:18!20|MId=o060040180202|Strong=4725 30 ָ֔ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 29 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=JOS_4:18!20|MId=o060040180203|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 31-32 וַיֵּלְכ֥וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 32 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_4:18!21|MId=o060040180211|Strong=2050b 32 יֵּלְכ֥וּ הלך VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.went|Ref=JOS_4:18!21|MId=o060040180212|Strong=1980|Frame=A0:060040180181;|Type=wayyiqtol 33-34 כִתְמוֹל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 כִ כְּ ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=as|Ref=JOS_4:18!22|MId=o060040180221|Strong=3509a 34 תְמוֹל־ תְּמוֹל ADV _ _ 32 obl _ Gloss=yesterday|Ref=JOS_4:18!22|MId=o060040180222|Strong=8543 35 שִׁלְשׁ֖וֹם שִׁלְשֹׁום ADV _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 34 advmod _ Gloss=three.days.ago|Ref=JOS_4:18!23|MId=o060040180231|Strong=8032 36 עַל־ עַל ADP _ _ 37 case _ Gloss=over|Ref=JOS_4:18!24|MId=o060040180241|Strong=5921|SpaceAfter=No 37 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 32 obl _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_4:18!25|MId=o060040180251|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 38-39 גְּדוֹתָֽיו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 גְּדוֹתָֽי גִּדְיָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 37 compound:smixut _ Gloss=banks|Ref=JOS_4:18!26|MId=o060040180261|Strong=1415 39 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 38 nmod:poss _ Gloss=its|Ref=JOS_4:18!26|MId=o060040180262|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 40 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 39 punct _ Ref=JOS_4:18!26 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | עֲלוֹת *as came up* | infinitive construct · qal | כֹּהֲנִים *priests* | | | | | נֹשְׂאֵי *\[who\] carry* | participle active · qal | כֹּהֲנִים *priests* | אֲרוֹן *(of) the ark* | | | | נִתְּקוּ *they were drawn out* | qatal · niphal | | כַּפּוֹת *the soles* | | | | יָּשֻׁבוּ *they returned* | wayyiqtol · qal | מֵֽי־ *the waters* | | | | | יֵּלְכוּ *they went* | wayyiqtol · qal | מֵֽי־ *the waters* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַהֲוָה כַּד בְּעוֹ לְמִסַק כַּהֲנַיָא נַטְלֵי אֲרוֹן קְיָמָא דַייָ מִגוֹ יַרְדְנָא אִתְנְגִידָא פַּרְסַת רִגְלֵי כַּהֲנַיָא וּנְחָא עַל יַבֶּשְׁתָּא וְתָבוּ מֵי יַרְדְנָא לְאַתְרֵיהוֹן וַאֲזַלוּ כְמֵאִתְמָלֵי וּמִדְקֳדָמוֹהִי עַל כָּל כַּפּוֹהִי: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And it came to pass, as the priests that bore the ark of the covenant of the LORD came up out of the midst of the Jordan, as soon as the soles of the priests' feet were drawn up unto the dry ground, that the waters of the Jordan returned unto their place, and went over all its banks, as aforetime.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.77/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:76`. - ← previous: [Joshua 4:17](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.17/) - next →: [Joshua 4:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.19/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/4/)