--- title: Joshua 4:21 — And he spoke unto the children of Israel, saying: 'When your childre… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And he spoke unto the children of Israel, saying: 'When your children shall ask their fathers in time to come, saying: What mean these stones? Who acts: Joshua, children. Joshua 4:21 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.21/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/4/) / 4:21 # Joshua 4:21 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Joshua, children · **What happens:** speak, say, ask, come, mean · **To what, where:** fathers, stones · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 4:21 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Joshua, children — and what happens in the verse to fathers, stones, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֛אמֶר אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר אֲשֶׁר֩ יִשְׁאָל֨וּן בְּנֵיכֶ֤ם מָחָר֙ אֶת־אֲבוֹתָ֣ם לֵאמֹ֔ר מָ֖ה הָאֲבָנִ֥ים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃ [And he spoke unto the children of Israel, saying: 'When your children shall ask their fathers in time to come, saying: What mean these stones?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.80/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:79 # text = וַיֹּ֛אמֶר אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר אֲשֶׁר֩ יִשְׁאָל֨וּן בְּנֵיכֶ֤ם מָחָר֙ אֶת־אֲבוֹתָ֣ם לֵאמֹ֔ר מָ֖ה הָאֲבָנִ֥ים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃ # verse = JOS.4.21 1-2 וַיֹּ֛אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_4:21!1|MId=o060040210011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֛אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=JOS_4:21!1|MId=o060040210012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060040200111;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_4:21!2|MId=o060040210021|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 4 בְּנֵ֥י בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 obl _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=JOS_4:21!3|MId=o060040210031|Strong=1121 5 יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JOS_4:21!4|MId=o060040210041|Strong=3478 6-7 לֵאמֹ֑ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 9 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=JOS_4:21!5|MId=o060040210051|Strong=3807a 7 אמֹ֑ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 6 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_4:21!5|MId=o060040210052|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060040200111;|Type=infinitive_construct 8 אֲשֶׁר֩ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 9 mark _ Gloss=that|Ref=JOS_4:21!6|MId=o060040210061|Strong=0834|Type=relative 9-10 יִשְׁאָל֨וּן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 יִשְׁאָל֨וּ שָׁאַל VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 ccomp _ Gloss=they|Ref=JOS_4:21!7|MId=o060040210071|Strong=7592|Frame=A0:060040210081;A1:060040210111;|Type=yiqtol 10 ן נ X _ _ 9 nmod _ Gloss=will.ask|Ref=JOS_4:21!7|MId=o060040210072|Strong=4993b|Type=paragogic_nun 11-12 בְּנֵיכֶ֤ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 בְּנֵי בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ Gloss=children|Ref=JOS_4:21!8|MId=o060040210081|Strong=1121 12 כֶ֤ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 11 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=JOS_4:21!8|MId=o060040210082|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 13 מָחָר֙ מָחָר ADV _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 9 advmod _ Gloss=tomorrow|Ref=JOS_4:21!9|MId=o060040210091|Strong=4279 14 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_4:21!10|MId=o060040210101|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 15-16 אֲבוֹתָ֣ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 אֲבוֹת אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 obj _ Gloss=fathers|Ref=JOS_4:21!11|MId=o060040210111|Strong=0001 16 ָ֣ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nmod:poss _ Gloss=their|Ref=JOS_4:21!11|MId=o060040210112|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 17-18 לֵאמֹ֔ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 לֵ לְ ADP _ ExtPos=SCONJ 19 mark _ Gloss=(cmp)|Ref=JOS_4:21!12|MId=o060040210121|Strong=3807a 18 אמֹ֔ר אָמַר VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 17 fixed _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_4:21!12|MId=o060040210122|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060040210081;A1:060040210131;|Type=infinitive_construct 19 מָ֖ה מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 9 ccomp _ Gloss=what?|Ref=JOS_4:21!13|MId=o060040210131|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative 20-21 הָאֲבָנִ֥ים _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 21 det _ Gloss=[are].the|Ref=JOS_4:21!14|MId=o060040210141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 21 אֲבָנִ֥ים אֶבֶן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 19 nsubj _ Gloss=stones|Ref=JOS_4:21!14|MId=o060040210142|Strong=0068 22-23 הָאֵֽלֶּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 23 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOS_4:21!15|MId=o060040210151|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 23 אֵֽלֶּה אֵלֶּה DET _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 21 det _ Gloss=these|Ref=JOS_4:21!15|MId=o060040210152|Strong=0428|Type=demonstrative 24 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 23 punct _ Ref=JOS_4:21!15 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | | | | | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | | | | | | יִשְׁאָלוּ *they* | yiqtol · qal | בְּנֵי *children* | אֲבוֹת *fathers* | | | | אמֹר | infinitive construct · qal | בְּנֵי *children* | מָה *what?* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמֵימָר דְיִשְׁאֲלוּן בְּנֵיכוֹן מְחָר יַת אֲבָהַתְהוֹן לְמֵימָר מָה אַבְנַיָא הָאִלֵין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And he spoke unto the children of Israel, saying: 'When your children shall ask their fathers in time to come, saying: What mean these stones?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.80/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:79`. - ← previous: [Joshua 4:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.20/) - next →: [Joshua 4:22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.22/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/4/)