--- title: Joshua 4:8 — And the children of Israel did so as Joshua commanded, and took up t… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And the children of Israel did so as Joshua commanded, and took up twelve stones out of the midst of the Jordan, as the LORD spoke unto Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel; and they carried them over with them unto the place where they lodged, and laid them down t --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.8/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/4/) / 4:8 # Joshua 4:8 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** children, Joshua, LORD · **What happens:** do, command, take up, speak, accord, carry over · **To what, where:** twelve stones, midst, stones, children · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 4:8 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — children, Joshua, LORD — and what happens in the verse to twelve stones, midst, stones, children, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־כֵ֣ן בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֘לכַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּ֣ה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ֒ וַיִּשְׂא֡וּ שְׁתֵּֽי־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה אֲבָנִ֜ים מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ לְמִסְפַּ֖ר שִׁבְטֵ֣י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיַּעֲבִר֤וּם עִמָּם֙ אֶל־הַמָּל֔וֹן וַיַּנִּח֖וּם שָֽׁם׃ [And the children of Israel did so as Joshua commanded, and took up twelve stones out of the midst of the Jordan, as the LORD spoke unto Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel; and they carried them over with them unto the place where they lodged, and laid them down there.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.67/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:66 # text = וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־כֵ֣ן בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֘לכַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּ֣ה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ֒ וַיִּשְׂא֡וּ שְׁתֵּֽי־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה אֲבָנִ֜ים מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ לְמִסְפַּ֖ר שִׁבְטֵ֣י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיַּעֲבִר֤וּם עִמָּם֙ אֶל־הַמָּל֔וֹן וַיַּנִּח֖וּם שָֽׁם׃ # verse = JOS.4.8 1-2 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_4:8!1|MId=o060040080011|Strong=2050b 2 יַּעֲשׂוּ־ עָשָׂה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.did|Ref=JOS_4:8!1|MId=o060040080012|Strong=6213|Frame=A0:060040080031;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 כֵ֣ן כֵּן ADV _ _ 2 advmod _ Gloss=thus|Ref=JOS_4:8!2|MId=o060040080021|Strong=3651 4 בְּנֵי־ בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=JOS_4:8!3|MId=o060040080031|Strong=1121|SpaceAfter=No 5-7 יִשְׂרָאֵ֘לכַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 יִשְׂרָאֵ֘ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JOS_4:8!4|MId=o060040080041|Strong=3478 6 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_4:8!5|MId=o060040080051|Strong=3509a 7 אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 8 mark _ Gloss=as|Ref=JOS_4:8!5|MId=o060040080052|Strong=0834|Type=relative 8 צִוָּ֣ה צָוָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 6 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.had.commanded|Ref=JOS_4:8!6|MId=o060040080061|Strong=6680|Frame=A0:060040080071;|Type=qatal 9 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ֒ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 8 nsubj _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_4:8!7|MId=o060040080071|Strong=3091 10-11 וַיִּשְׂא֡וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_4:8!8|MId=o060040080081|Strong=2050b 11 יִּשְׂא֡וּ נָשָׂא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.took.up|Ref=JOS_4:8!8|MId=o060040080082|Strong=5375|Frame=A0:060040080031;A1:060040080111;|Type=wayyiqtol 12 שְׁתֵּֽי־ שְׁנַיִם NUM _ Gender=Fem|Number=Dual 14 nummod _ Gloss=two.plus|Ref=JOS_4:8!9|MId=o060040080091|Strong=8147|Type=cardinal_number|SpaceAfter=No 13 עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה עֶשְׂרֵה NUM _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 12 flat _ Gloss=ten|Ref=JOS_4:8!10|MId=o060040080101|Strong=6240|Type=cardinal_number 14 אֲבָנִ֜ים אֶבֶן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 11 obj _ Gloss=stones|Ref=JOS_4:8!11|MId=o060040080111|Strong=0068 15-16 מִתּ֣וֹךְ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 מִ מִן ADP _ _ 16 case _ Gloss=from|Ref=JOS_4:8!12|MId=o060040080121|Strong=4480 16 תּ֣וֹךְ תָּוֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 obl _ Gloss=the.middle|Ref=JOS_4:8!12|MId=o060040080122|Strong=8432 17-18 הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 18 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_4:8!13|MId=o060040080131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 18 יַּרְדֵּ֗ן יַרְדֵּן PROPN _ _ 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.Jordan|Ref=JOS_4:8!13|MId=o060040080132|Strong=3383 19-20 כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 11 obl _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_4:8!14|MId=o060040080141|Strong=3509a 20 אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 21 mark _ Gloss=as|Ref=JOS_4:8!14|MId=o060040080142|Strong=0834|Type=relative 21 דִּבֶּ֤ר דָבַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 19 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.had.said|Ref=JOS_4:8!15|MId=o060040080151|Strong=1696|Frame=A0:060040080161;|Type=qatal 22 יְהוָה֙ יהוה PROPN _ _ 21 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JOS_4:8!16|MId=o060040080161|Strong=3068 23 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_4:8!17|MId=o060040080171|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 24 יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 21 obl _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_4:8!18|MId=o060040080181|Strong=3091 25-26 לְמִסְפַּ֖ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_4:8!19|MId=o060040080191|Strong=3807a 26 מִסְפַּ֖ר מִסְפָּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 obl _ Gloss=the.number|Ref=JOS_4:8!19|MId=o060040080192|Strong=4557 27 שִׁבְטֵ֣י שֵׁבֶט NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 26 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.tribes|Ref=JOS_4:8!20|MId=o060040080201|Strong=7626 28 בְנֵֽי־ בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 27 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.people|Ref=JOS_4:8!21|MId=o060040080211|Strong=1121|SpaceAfter=No 29 יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 28 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JOS_4:8!22|MId=o060040080221|Strong=3478 30-32 וַיַּעֲבִר֤וּם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 31 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_4:8!23|MId=o060040080231|Strong=2050b 31 יַּעֲבִר֤וּ עָבַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they|Ref=JOS_4:8!23|MId=o060040080232|Strong=5674|Frame=AA:060040080211;A0:060040080233;|Type=wayyiqtol 32 ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 obj _ Gloss=took.them.over|Ref=JOS_4:8!23|MId=o060040080233|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 33-34 עִמָּם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 עִמּ עִם ADP _ _ 34 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=JOS_4:8!24|MId=o060040080241|Strong=5973 34 ָם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 31 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=JOS_4:8!24|MId=o060040080242|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 35 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 37 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_4:8!25|MId=o060040080251|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 36-37 הַמָּל֔וֹן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 37 det _ Gloss=the.lodging|Ref=JOS_4:8!26|MId=o060040080261|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 37 מָּל֔וֹן מָלוֹן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 obl _ Gloss=place|Ref=JOS_4:8!26|MId=o060040080262|Strong=4411 38-40 וַיַּנִּח֖וּם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 39 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_4:8!27|MId=o060040080271|Strong=2050b 39 יַּנִּח֖וּ נוח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they|Ref=JOS_4:8!27|MId=o060040080272|Strong=5117|Frame=AA:060040080211;A0:060040080273;|Type=wayyiqtol 40 ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 39 obj _ Gloss=set.them.down|Ref=JOS_4:8!27|MId=o060040080273|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 41 שָֽׁם שָׁם ADV _ _ 39 advmod _ Gloss=there|Ref=JOS_4:8!28|MId=o060040080281|Strong=8033|SpaceAfter=No 42 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 41 punct _ Ref=JOS_4:8!28 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יַּעֲשׂוּ־ *they did* | wayyiqtol · qal | בְּנֵי־ *the people* | | | | | צִוָּה *he had commanded* | qatal · piel | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | יִּשְׂאוּ *they took up* | wayyiqtol · qal | בְּנֵי־ *the people* | אֲבָנִים *stones* | | | | דִּבֶּר *he had said* | qatal · piel | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | | יַּעֲבִרוּ *they* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | ם *took them over* | | | בְנֵֽי־ *of the people* | | יַּנִּחוּ *they* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | ם *set them down* | | | בְנֵֽי־ *of the people* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַעֲבָדוּ כֵן בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּמָא דִי פַּקֵד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּנְטַלוּ תַּרְתָּא עַשְׂרֵי אַבְנַיָא מִגוֹ יַרְדְנָא כְּמָא דְמַלֵיל יְיָ עִם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לְמִנְיַן שִׁבְטַיָא דִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאַעַבְּרוּנוּן עִמְהוֹן לְבֵית מַבָּתָא וְאַצְנְעוּנוּן תַּמָן: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And the children of Israel did so as Joshua commanded, and took up twelve stones out of the midst of the Jordan, as the LORD spoke unto Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel; and they carried them over with them unto the place where they lodged, and laid them down there.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.67/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:66`. - ← previous: [Joshua 4:7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.7/) - next →: [Joshua 4:9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.9/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/4/)