--- title: Joshua 8:1 — And the LORD said unto Joshua: 'Fear not, neither be thou dismayed;… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And the LORD said unto Joshua: 'Fear not, neither be thou dismayed; take all the people of war with thee, and arise, go up to Ai; see, I have given into thy hand the king of Ai, and his people, and his city, and his land. Who acts: LORD, I. Joshua 8:1 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonat --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.1/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/) / 8:1 # Joshua 8:1 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** LORD, I · **What happens:** say, not fear, dismay, take, arise, go up · **To what, where:** thou, people, Ai, king, hand · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 8:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — LORD, I — and what happens in the verse to thou, people, Ai, king, hand, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ אַל־תִּירָ֣א וְאַל־תֵּחָ֔ת קַ֣ח עִמְּךָ֗ אֵ֚ת כָּל־עַ֣ם הַמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וְק֖וּם עֲלֵ֣ה הָעָ֑י רְאֵ֣ה ׀ נָתַ֣תִּי בְיָדְךָ֗ אֶת־מֶ֤לֶךְ הָעַי֙ וְאֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ וְאֶת־עִיר֖וֹ וְאֶת־אַרְצֽוֹ׃ [And the LORD said unto Joshua: 'Fear not, neither be thou dismayed; take all the people of war with thee, and arise, go up to Ai; see, I have given into thy hand the king of Ai, and his people, and his city, and his land.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.156/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:151 # text = וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ אַל־תִּירָ֣א וְאַל־תֵּחָ֔ת קַ֣ח עִמְּךָ֗ אֵ֚ת כָּל־עַ֣ם הַמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וְק֖וּם עֲלֵ֣ה הָעָ֑י רְאֵ֣ה ׀ נָתַ֣תִּי בְיָדְךָ֗ אֶת־מֶ֤לֶךְ הָעַי֙ וְאֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ וְאֶת־עִיר֖וֹ וְאֶת־אַרְצֽוֹ׃ # verse = JOS.8.1 1-2 וַיֹּ֨אמֶר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:1!1|MId=o060080010011|Strong=2050b 2 יֹּ֨אמֶר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.said|Ref=JOS_8:1!1|MId=o060080010012|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:060080010021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְהוָ֤ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JOS_8:1!2|MId=o060080010021|Strong=3068 4 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 5 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_8:1!3|MId=o060080010031|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 5 יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 2 obl _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_8:1!4|MId=o060080010041|Strong=3091 6 אַל־ אַל ADV _ _ 7 advmod _ Gloss=do.not|Ref=JOS_8:1!5|MId=o060080010051|Strong=0408|Type=negative|SpaceAfter=No 7 תִּירָ֣א יָרֵא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 2 ccomp _ Gloss=fear|Ref=JOS_8:1!6|MId=o060080010061|Strong=3372|Frame=A0:060080010041;|Type=jussive 8-9 וְאַל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 10 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:1!7|MId=o060080010071|Strong=2050b 9 אַל־ אַל ADV _ _ 10 advmod _ Gloss=do.not|Ref=JOS_8:1!7|MId=o060080010072|Strong=0408|Type=negative 10 תֵּחָ֔ת חָתַת VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 7 conj _ Gloss=be.dismayed|Ref=JOS_8:1!8|MId=o060080010081|Strong=2865|Frame=A0:060080010041;|Type=jussive 11 קַ֣ח לָקַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 7 parataxis _ Gloss=take|Ref=JOS_8:1!9|MId=o060080010091|Strong=3947|Frame=A0:060080010041;A1:060080010131;|Type=imperative 12-13 עִמְּךָ֗ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 עִמּ עִם ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=JOS_8:1!10|MId=o060080010101|Strong=5973 13 ְךָ֗ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 11 obl _ Gloss=you|Ref=JOS_8:1!10|MId=o060080010102|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 14 אֵ֚ת אֵת ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:1!11|MId=o060080010111|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 15 כָּל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 11 obj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_8:1!12|MId=o060080010121|Strong=3605|SpaceAfter=No 16 עַ֣ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=JOS_8:1!13|MId=o060080010131|Strong=5971 17-18 הַמִּלְחָמָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 18 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=JOS_8:1!14|MId=o060080010141|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 18 מִּלְחָמָ֔ה מִלְחָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 16 compound:smixut _ Gloss=war|Ref=JOS_8:1!14|MId=o060080010142|Strong=4421 19-20 וְק֖וּם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 20 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:1!15|MId=o060080010151|Strong=2050b 20 ק֖וּם קוּם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 7 conj _ Gloss=arise|Ref=JOS_8:1!15|MId=o060080010152|Strong=6965|Frame=A0:060080010041;|Type=imperative 21 עֲלֵ֣ה עָלָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 20 parataxis _ Gloss=go.up|Ref=JOS_8:1!16|MId=o060080010161|Strong=5927|Frame=A0:060080010041;|Type=imperative 22-23 הָעָ֑י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 23 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOS_8:1!17|MId=o060080010171|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 23 עָ֑י עַי PROPN _ _ 21 obl _ Gloss=Ai|Ref=JOS_8:1!17|MId=o060080010172|Strong=5857 24 רְאֵ֣ה רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 7 parataxis _ Gloss=see|Ref=JOS_8:1!18|MId=o060080010181|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:060080010041;|Type=imperative 25 ׀ ׀ PUNCT _ _ 24 punct _ Ref=JOS_8:1!18 26 נָתַ֣תִּי נָתַן VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 24 parataxis _ Gloss=I.have.given|Ref=JOS_8:1!19|MId=o060080010191|Strong=5414|Frame=A0:060080010021;A1:060080010221;060080010251;060080010271;060080010291;|Type=qatal 27-29 בְיָדְךָ֗ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27 בְ בְּ ADP _ _ 28 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JOS_8:1!20|MId=o060080010201|Strong=0871a 28 יָד יָד NOUN _ Number=Sing 26 obl _ Gloss=hand|Ref=JOS_8:1!20|MId=o060080010202|Strong=3027 29 ְךָ֗ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs 28 nmod:poss _ Gloss=your|Ref=JOS_8:1!20|MId=o060080010203|Strong=3509b|Type=pronominal 30 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 31 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:1!21|MId=o060080010211|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 31 מֶ֤לֶךְ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 26 obj _ Gloss=the.king|Ref=JOS_8:1!22|MId=o060080010221|Strong=4428 32-33 הָעַי֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 32 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 33 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=JOS_8:1!23|MId=o060080010231|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 33 עַי֙ עַי PROPN _ _ 31 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Ai|Ref=JOS_8:1!23|MId=o060080010232|Strong=5857 34-35 וְאֶת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 36 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:1!24|MId=o060080010241|Strong=2050b 35 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 36 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:1!24|MId=o060080010242|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 36-37 עַמּ֔וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 עַמּ עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 31 conj _ Gloss=people|Ref=JOS_8:1!25|MId=o060080010251|Strong=5971 37 ֔וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 36 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JOS_8:1!25|MId=o060080010252|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 38-39 וְאֶת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 40 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:1!26|MId=o060080010261|Strong=2050b 39 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 40 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:1!26|MId=o060080010262|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 40-41 עִיר֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 עִיר עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 31 conj _ Gloss=city|Ref=JOS_8:1!27|MId=o060080010271|Strong=5892 41 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 40 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JOS_8:1!27|MId=o060080010272|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 42-43 וְאֶת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 42 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 44 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:1!28|MId=o060080010281|Strong=2050b 43 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 44 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:1!28|MId=o060080010282|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 44-45 אַרְצֽוֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 אַרְצ אֶרֶץ NOUN _ Number=Sing 31 conj _ Gloss=land|Ref=JOS_8:1!29|MId=o060080010291|Strong=0776 45 ֽוֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 44 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JOS_8:1!29|MId=o060080010292|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 46 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 45 punct _ Ref=JOS_8:1!29 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: command - act: request - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · narrate · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יֹּאמֶר *he said* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | | **not** תִּירָא *fear* | jussive · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | **not** תֵּחָת *be dismayed* | jussive · niphal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | קַח *take* | imperative · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | עַם *the people* | | | | קוּם *arise* | imperative · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | עֲלֵה *go up* | imperative · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | רְאֵה *see* | imperative · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | | | | | נָתַתִּי *I have given* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | מֶלֶךְ *the king* + עַמּ *people* + עִיר *city* + אַרְצ *land* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַאֲמַר יְיָ לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לָא תִדְחַל וְלָא תִתְּבַּר דְבַר עִמָךְ יַת כָּל עַמָא עָבְדֵי קְרָבָא וְקוּם סַק לְעָי חֲזֵי דִמְסָרִית בִּידָךְ יַת מַלְכָּא דְעַי וְיַת עַמֵיהּ יַת קַרְתֵּיהּ וְיַת אַרְעֵיהּ: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And the LORD said unto Joshua: 'Fear not, neither be thou dismayed; take all the people of war with thee, and arise, go up to Ai; see, I have given into thy hand the king of Ai, and his people, and his city, and his land.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.156/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:151`. - ← previous: [Joshua 7:26](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.7.26/) - next →: [Joshua 8:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.2/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/)