--- title: Joshua 8:14 — And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that the men of the… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that the men of the city hastened and rose up early and went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, in front of the Arabah; but he knew not that there was an ambush against him behind the city. Who acts: rear, king --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/) / 8:14 # Joshua 8:14 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** rear, king, men, Joshua, ambush · **What happens:** come, pass, see, hasten, rise up, go out · **To what, where:** rear, front, city · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 8:14 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — rear, king, men, Joshua, ambush — and what happens in the verse to rear, front, city, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיְהִ֞י כִּרְא֣וֹת מֶֽלֶךְ־הָעַ֗י וַֽיְמַהֲר֡וּ וַיַּשְׁכִּ֡ימוּ וַיֵּצְא֣וּ אַנְשֵֽׁי־הָעִ֣יר לִקְרַֽאת־יִ֠שְׂרָאֵל לַֽמִּלְחָמָ֞ה ה֧וּא וְכָל־עַמּ֛וֹ לַמּוֹעֵ֖ד לִפְנֵ֣י הָֽעֲרָבָ֑ה וְהוּא֙ לֹ֣א יָדַ֔ע כִּֽי־אֹרֵ֥ב ל֖וֹ מֵאַחֲרֵ֥י הָעִֽיר׃ [And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that the men of the city hastened and rose up early and went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, in front of the Arabah; but he knew not that there was an ambush against him behind the city.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.169/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:164 # text = וַיְהִ֞י כִּרְא֣וֹת מֶֽלֶךְ־הָעַ֗י וַֽיְמַהֲר֡וּ וַיַּשְׁכִּ֡ימוּ וַיֵּצְא֣וּ אַנְשֵֽׁי־הָעִ֣יר לִקְרַֽאת־יִ֠שְׂרָאֵל לַֽמִּלְחָמָ֞ה ה֧וּא וְכָל־עַמּ֛וֹ לַמּוֹעֵ֖ד לִפְנֵ֣י הָֽעֲרָבָ֑ה וְהוּא֙ לֹ֣א יָדַ֔ע כִּֽי־אֹרֵ֥ב ל֖וֹ מֵאַחֲרֵ֥י הָעִֽיר׃ # verse = JOS.8.14 1-2 וַיְהִ֞י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:14!1|MId=o060080140011|Strong=2050b 2 יְהִ֞י הָיָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=JOS_8:14!1|MId=o060080140012|Strong=1961|Type=wayyiqtol 3-4 כִּרְא֣וֹת _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 כִּ כְּ ADP _ _ 4 case _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_8:14!2|MId=o060080140021|Strong=3509a 4 רְא֣וֹת רָאָה VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 2 advcl _ Gloss=as.saw|Ref=JOS_8:14!2|MId=o060080140022|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:060080140031;|Type=infinitive_construct 5 מֶֽלֶךְ־ מֶלֶךְ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ Gloss=the.king|Ref=JOS_8:14!3|MId=o060080140031|Strong=4428|SpaceAfter=No 6-7 הָעַ֗י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 7 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=JOS_8:14!4|MId=o060080140041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 7 עַ֗י עַי PROPN _ _ 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Ai|Ref=JOS_8:14!4|MId=o060080140042|Strong=5857 8-9 וַֽיְמַהֲר֡וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 9 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:14!5|MId=o060080140051|Strong=2050b 9 יְמַהֲר֡וּ מָהַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.hurried|Ref=JOS_8:14!5|MId=o060080140052|Strong=4116|Frame=A0:060080140081;|Type=wayyiqtol 10-11 וַיַּשְׁכִּ֡ימוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 11 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:14!6|MId=o060080140061|Strong=2050b 11 יַּשְׁכִּ֡ימוּ שָׁכַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 9 conj _ Gloss=they.rose.early|Ref=JOS_8:14!6|MId=o060080140062|Strong=7925|Frame=A0:060080140081;|Type=wayyiqtol 12-13 וַיֵּצְא֣וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 13 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:14!7|MId=o060080140071|Strong=2050b 13 יֵּצְא֣וּ יָצָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 9 conj _ Gloss=they.went.out|Ref=JOS_8:14!7|MId=o060080140072|Strong=3318|Frame=A0:060080140081;|Type=wayyiqtol 14 אַנְשֵֽׁי־ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ Gloss=the.men|Ref=JOS_8:14!8|MId=o060080140081|Strong=0376|SpaceAfter=No 15-16 הָעִ֣יר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 16 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_8:14!9|MId=o060080140091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 16 עִ֣יר עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 14 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.city|Ref=JOS_8:14!9|MId=o060080140092|Strong=5892 17-18 לִקְרַֽאת־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_8:14!10|MId=o060080140101|Strong=3807a 18 קְרַֽאת־ קרא VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 9 advcl _ Gloss=meet|Ref=JOS_8:14!10|MId=o060080140102|Strong=7122|Frame=A0:060080140081;A1:060080140111;|Type=infinitive_construct 19 יִ֠שְׂרָאֵל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 18 obj _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=JOS_8:14!11|MId=o060080140111|Strong=3478 20-22 לַֽמִּלְחָמָ֞ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 לַֽ לְ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=JOS_8:14!12|MId=o060080140121|Strong=3807a 21 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 22 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOS_8:14!12|MId=o060080140121ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 22 מִּלְחָמָ֞ה מִלְחָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 18 obl _ Gloss=battle|Ref=JOS_8:14!12|MId=o060080140122|Strong=4421 23 ה֧וּא הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 parataxis _ Gloss=he|Ref=JOS_8:14!13|MId=o060080140131|Strong=1931|Type=personal 24-25 וְכָל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 25 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:14!14|MId=o060080140141|Strong=2050b 25 כָל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_8:14!14|MId=o060080140142|Strong=3605 26-27 עַמּ֛וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 עַמּ עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 25 compound:smixut _ Gloss=people|Ref=JOS_8:14!15|MId=o060080140151|Strong=5971 27 ֛וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=JOS_8:14!15|MId=o060080140152|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 28-30 לַמּוֹעֵ֖ד _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 לַ לְ ADP _ _ 30 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_8:14!16|MId=o060080140161|Strong=3807a 29 ה הַ DET _ PronType=Art 30 det _ Gloss=the.appointed|Ref=JOS_8:14!16|MId=o060080140161ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 30 מּוֹעֵ֖ד מוֹעֵד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 obl _ Gloss=place|Ref=JOS_8:14!16|MId=o060080140162|Strong=4150 31-32 לִפְנֵ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 לִ לְ ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=before|Ref=JOS_8:14!17|MId=o060080140171|Strong=3807a 32 פְנֵ֣י פָּנֶה NOUN _ Number=Plur 30 nmod _ Gloss=|Ref=JOS_8:14!17|MId=o060080140172|Strong=6440 33-34 הָֽעֲרָבָ֑ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 הָֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 34 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:14!18|MId=o060080140181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 34 עֲרָבָ֑ה עֲרָבָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 32 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Arabah|Ref=JOS_8:14!18|MId=o060080140182|Strong=6160 35-36 וְהוּא֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 38 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:14!19|MId=o060080140191|Strong=2050b 36 הוּא֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 38 nsubj _ Gloss=he|Ref=JOS_8:14!19|MId=o060080140192|Strong=1931|Type=personal 37 לֹ֣א לֹא ADV _ _ 38 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_8:14!20|MId=o060080140201|Strong=3808|Type=negative 38 יָדַ֔ע יָדַע VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he.knew|Ref=JOS_8:14!21|MId=o060080140211|Strong=3045|Frame=A0:060080140192;A1:060080140242;|Type=qatal 39 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 42 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=JOS_8:14!22|MId=o060080140221|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 40 אֹרֵ֥ב אָרַב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 42 nsubj _ Gloss=an.ambush|Ref=JOS_8:14!23|MId=o060080140231|Strong=0693|Type=participle_active 41-42 ל֖וֹ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 41 ל לְ ADP _ _ 42 case _ Gloss=for|Ref=JOS_8:14!24|MId=o060080140241|Strong=3807a 42 ֖וֹ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 38 ccomp _ Gloss=him|Ref=JOS_8:14!24|MId=o060080140242|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 43-44 מֵאַחֲרֵ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43 מֵ מִן ADP _ _ 46 case _ Gloss=[was].(from)|Ref=JOS_8:14!25|MId=o060080140251|Strong=4480 44 אַחֲרֵ֥י אַחַר ADP _ _ 46 case _ Gloss=behind|Ref=JOS_8:14!25|MId=o060080140252|Strong=0310 45-46 הָעִֽיר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 45 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 46 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:14!26|MId=o060080140261|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 46 עִֽיר עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 42 obl _ Gloss=city|Ref=JOS_8:14!26|MId=o060080140262|Strong=5892 47 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 46 punct _ Ref=JOS_8:14!26 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | רְאוֹת *as saw* | infinitive construct · qal | מֶֽלֶךְ־ *the king* | | | | | יְמַהֲרוּ *they hurried* | wayyiqtol · piel | אַנְשֵֽׁי־ *the men* | | | | | יַּשְׁכִּימוּ *they rose early* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | אַנְשֵֽׁי־ *the men* | | | | | יֵּצְאוּ *they went out* | wayyiqtol · qal | אַנְשֵֽׁי־ *the men* | | | | | קְרַֽאת־ *meet* | infinitive construct · qal | אַנְשֵֽׁי־ *the men* | יִשְׂרָאֵל *Israel* | | | | **not** יָדַע *he knew* | qatal · qal | הוּא *he* | וֹ *him* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וַהֲוָה כַּד חֲזָא מַלְכָּא דְעַי וְאוֹחִיאוּ וְאַקְדִימוּ וּנְפַקוּ אֱנָשֵׁי קַרְתָּא לִקְדָמוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְאַגָחָא קְרָבָא הוּא וְכָל עַמֵיהּ לְזִמְנָא דִמְתַקֵן לֵיהּ לִקְדָם מֵישְׁרָא וְאִינוּן לָא יָדְעִין אֲרֵי כְּמָנָא לְהוֹן מֵאֲחוֹרֵי קַרְתָּא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that the men of the city hastened and rose up early and went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, in front of the Arabah; but he knew not that there was an ambush against him behind the city.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.169/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:164`. - ← previous: [Joshua 8:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.13/) - next →: [Joshua 8:15](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.15/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/)