--- title: Joshua 8:20 — And when the men of Ai looked behind them, they saw, and, behold, th… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And when the men of Ai looked behind them, they saw, and, behold, the smoke of the city ascended up to heaven, and they had no power to flee this way or that way; and the people that fled to the wilderness turned back upon the pursuers. Who acts: men, smoke, people, city. Joshua 8:20 in Hebrew with --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/) / 8:20 # Joshua 8:20 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** men, smoke, people, city · **What happens:** look, see, ascend up, have, flee, turn back · **To what, where:** heaven, power, way, wilderness This is Joshua 8:20 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — men, smoke, people, city — and what happens in the verse to heaven, power, way, wilderness, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּפְנ֣וּ אַנְשֵׁי֩ הָעַ֨י אַחֲרֵיהֶ֜ם וַיִּרְא֗וּ וְהִנֵּ֨ה עָלָ֜ה עֲשַׁ֤ן הָעִיר֙ הַשָּׁמַ֔יְמָה וְלֹא־הָיָ֨ה בָהֶ֥ם יָדַ֛יִם לָנ֖וּס הֵ֣נָּה וָהֵ֑נָּה וְהָעָם֙ הַנָּ֣ס הַמִּדְבָּ֔ר נֶהְפַּ֖ךְ אֶל־הָרוֹדֵֽף׃ [And when the men of Ai looked behind them, they saw, and, behold, the smoke of the city ascended up to heaven, and they had no power to flee this way or that way; and the people that fled to the wilderness turned back upon the pursuers.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.175/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:170 # text = וַיִּפְנ֣וּ אַנְשֵׁי֩ הָעַ֨י אַחֲרֵיהֶ֜ם וַיִּרְא֗וּ וְהִנֵּ֨ה עָלָ֜ה עֲשַׁ֤ן הָעִיר֙ הַשָּׁמַ֔יְמָה וְלֹא־הָיָ֨ה בָהֶ֥ם יָדַ֛יִם לָנ֖וּס הֵ֣נָּה וָהֵ֑נָּה וְהָעָם֙ הַנָּ֣ס הַמִּדְבָּ֔ר נֶהְפַּ֖ךְ אֶל־הָרוֹדֵֽף׃ # verse = JOS.8.20 1-2 וַיִּפְנ֣וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:20!1|MId=o060080200011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּפְנ֣וּ פָּנָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.turned|Ref=JOS_8:20!1|MId=o060080200012|Strong=6437|Frame=A0:060080200021;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 אַנְשֵׁי֩ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ Gloss=the.men|Ref=JOS_8:20!2|MId=o060080200021|Strong=0376 4-5 הָעַ֨י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 5 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=JOS_8:20!3|MId=o060080200031|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 5 עַ֨י עַי PROPN _ _ 3 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Ai|Ref=JOS_8:20!3|MId=o060080200032|Strong=5857 6-7 אַחֲרֵיהֶ֜ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 אַחֲרֵי אַחַר ADP _ _ 7 case _ Gloss=behind|Ref=JOS_8:20!4|MId=o060080200041|Strong=0310 7 הֶ֜ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=JOS_8:20!4|MId=o060080200042|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 8-9 וַיִּרְא֗וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 9 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:20!5|MId=o060080200051|Strong=2050b 9 יִּרְא֗וּ רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=they.saw|Ref=JOS_8:20!5|MId=o060080200052|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:060080200021;|Type=wayyiqtol 10-11 וְהִנֵּ֨ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 12 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:20!6|MId=o060080200061|Strong=2050b 11 הִנֵּ֨ה הִנֵּה INTJ _ _ 12 discourse _ Gloss=there!|Ref=JOS_8:20!6|MId=o060080200062|Strong=2009|Type=demonstrative 12 עָלָ֜ה עָלָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.went.up|Ref=JOS_8:20!7|MId=o060080200071|Strong=5927|Frame=A0:060080200081;|Type=qatal 13 עֲשַׁ֤ן עָשָׁן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ Gloss=the.smoke|Ref=JOS_8:20!8|MId=o060080200081|Strong=6227 14-15 הָעִיר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_8:20!9|MId=o060080200091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 עִיר֙ עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 13 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.city|Ref=JOS_8:20!9|MId=o060080200092|Strong=5892 16-18 הַשָּׁמַ֔יְמָה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 17 det _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_8:20!10|MId=o060080200101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 17 שָּׁמַ֔יְמ שָׁמַיִם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 12 obl _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:20!10|MId=o060080200102|Strong=8064 18 ָה ה X _ _ 17 nmod _ Gloss=heavens|Ref=JOS_8:20!10|MId=o060080200103|Strong=1886c|Type=directional_he 19-20 וְלֹא־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 26 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:20!11|MId=o060080200111|Strong=2050b 20 לֹא־ לֹא ADV _ _ 26 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_8:20!11|MId=o060080200112|Strong=3808|Type=negative 21 הָיָ֨ה הָיָה AUX _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 26 cop _ Gloss=it.was|Ref=JOS_8:20!12|MId=o060080200121|Strong=1961|Frame=A0:060080200141;|Type=qatal 22-23 בָהֶ֥ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 ב בְּ ADP _ _ 23 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JOS_8:20!13|MId=o060080200131|Strong=0871a 23 ָהֶ֥ם הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=JOS_8:20!13|MId=o060080200132|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 24 יָדַ֛יִם יָד NOUN _ Number=Dual 26 nsubj _ Gloss=hands|Ref=JOS_8:20!14|MId=o060080200141|Strong=3027 25-26 לָנ֖וּס _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 לָ לְ ADP _ _ 26 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_8:20!15|MId=o060080200151|Strong=3807a 26 נ֖וּס נוּס VERB _ HebBinyan=QAL 2 conj _ Gloss=flee|Ref=JOS_8:20!15|MId=o060080200152|Strong=5127|Frame=A0:060080200021;|Type=infinitive_construct 27 הֵ֣נָּה הֵנָּה ADV _ _ 26 advmod _ Gloss=hither|Ref=JOS_8:20!16|MId=o060080200161|Strong=2008 28-29 וָהֵ֑נָּה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 וָ וְ CCONJ _ _ 29 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:20!17|MId=o060080200171|Strong=2050b 29 הֵ֑נָּה הֵנָּה ADV _ _ 27 advmod _ Gloss=hither|Ref=JOS_8:20!17|MId=o060080200172|Strong=2008 30-32 וְהָעָם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 30 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 37 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:20!18|MId=o060080200181|Strong=2050b 31 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 32 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:20!18|MId=o060080200182|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 32 עָם֙ עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 37 nsubj _ Gloss=people|Ref=JOS_8:20!18|MId=o060080200183|Strong=5971 33-34 הַנָּ֣ס _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 הַ הַ SCONJ _ _ 34 mark _ Gloss=[which|Ref=JOS_8:20!19|MId=o060080200191|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 34 נָּ֣ס נוּס VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 32 acl:relcl _ Gloss=was].fleeing|Ref=JOS_8:20!19|MId=o060080200192|Strong=5127|Frame=A0:060080200183;|Type=participle_active 35-36 הַמִּדְבָּ֔ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 36 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:20!20|MId=o060080200201|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 36 מִּדְבָּ֔ר מִדְבָּר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 34 obl _ Gloss=wilderness|Ref=JOS_8:20!20|MId=o060080200202|Strong=4057 37 נֶהְפַּ֖ךְ הָפַךְ VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=NIPHAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=it.turned.back|Ref=JOS_8:20!21|MId=o060080200211|Strong=2015|Frame=A0:060080200183;|Type=qatal 38 אֶל־ אֶל ADP _ _ 40 case _ Gloss=against|Ref=JOS_8:20!22|MId=o060080200221|Strong=0413|SpaceAfter=No 39-40 הָרוֹדֵֽף _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 הָ הַ SCONJ _ _ 40 mark _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:20!23|MId=o060080200231|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 40 רוֹדֵֽף רָדַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 37 advcl _ Gloss=pursuer[s]|Ref=JOS_8:20!23|MId=o060080200232|Strong=7291|Frame=A0:060080200021;|Type=participle_active 41 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 40 punct _ Ref=JOS_8:20!23 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּפְנוּ *they turned* | wayyiqtol · qal | אַנְשֵׁי *the men* | | | | | יִּרְאוּ *they saw* | wayyiqtol · qal | אַנְשֵׁי *the men* | | | | | עָלָה *it went up* | qatal · qal | עֲשַׁן *the smoke* | | | | | הָיָה *it was* | qatal · qal | יָדַיִם *hands* | | | | | **not** נוּס *flee* | infinitive construct · qal | אַנְשֵׁי *the men* | | | | | נָּס *was\] fleeing* | participle active · qal | עָם *people* | | | | | נֶהְפַּךְ *it turned back* | qatal · niphal | עָם *people* | | | | | רוֹדֵֽף *pursuer\[s\]* | participle active · qal | אַנְשֵׁי *the men* | | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְאִתְפְּנִיאוּ אֱנָשֵׁי עַי לַאֲחוֹרֵיהֶן וַחֲזוֹ וְהָא סְלִיק תְּנָנָא דְקַרְתָּא לְצֵית שְׁמַיָא וְלָא הֲוָה בְהוֹן חֵילָא לְמַעֲרָק לְכָא וּלְכָא וְעַמָא דְאַפֵיךְ לְמַדְבְּרָא אִתְחֲזַר עַל רָדְפָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And when the men of Ai looked behind them, they saw, and, behold, the smoke of the city ascended up to heaven, and they had no power to flee this way or that way; and the people that fled to the wilderness turned back upon the pursuers.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.175/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:170`. - ← previous: [Joshua 8:19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.19/) - next →: [Joshua 8:21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.21/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/)