--- title: Joshua 8:21 — And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the cit… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the city, and that the smoke of the city ascended, then they turned back, and slew the men of Ai. Who acts: Israel, ambush, smoke, men. Joshua 8:21 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every c --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.21/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/) / 8:21 # Joshua 8:21 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Israel, ambush, smoke, men, city · **What happens:** see, take, ascend, turn back, slay, smoke · **To what, where:** city, men · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 8:21 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Israel, ambush, smoke, men, city — and what happens in the verse to city, men, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וִיהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ וְכָֽל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל רָא֗וּ כִּֽי־לָכַ֤ד הָֽאֹרֵב֙ אֶת־הָעִ֔יר וְכִ֥י עָלָ֖ה עֲשַׁ֣ן הָעִ֑יר וַיָּשֻׁ֕בוּ וַיַּכּ֖וּ אֶת־אַנְשֵׁ֥י הָעָֽי׃ [And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the city, and that the smoke of the city ascended, then they turned back, and slew the men of Ai.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.176/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:171 # text = וִיהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ וְכָֽל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל רָא֗וּ כִּֽי־לָכַ֤ד הָֽאֹרֵב֙ אֶת־הָעִ֔יר וְכִ֥י עָלָ֖ה עֲשַׁ֣ן הָעִ֑יר וַיָּשֻׁ֕בוּ וַיַּכּ֖וּ אֶת־אַנְשֵׁ֥י הָעָֽי׃ # verse = JOS.8.21 1-2 וִיהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וִ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:21!1|MId=o060080210011|Strong=2050b 2 יהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 6 nsubj _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_8:21!1|MId=o060080210012|Strong=3091 3-4 וְכָֽל־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 4 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:21!2|MId=o060080210021|Strong=2050b 4 כָֽל־ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 2 conj _ Gloss=all|Ref=JOS_8:21!2|MId=o060080210022|Strong=3605 5 יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 4 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Israel|Ref=JOS_8:21!3|MId=o060080210031|Strong=3478 6 רָא֗וּ רָאָה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=they.saw|Ref=JOS_8:21!4|MId=o060080210041|Strong=7200|Frame=A0:060080210012;060080210031;A1:060080210061;060080210111;|Type=qatal 7 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 8 mark _ Gloss=(dm).that|Ref=JOS_8:21!5|MId=o060080210051|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 8 לָכַ֤ד לָכַד VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 6 ccomp _ Gloss=it.had.captured|Ref=JOS_8:21!6|MId=o060080210061|Strong=3920|Frame=A0:060080210072;A1:060080210092;|Type=qatal 9-10 הָֽאֹרֵב֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 הָֽ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 10 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:21!7|MId=o060080210071|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 10 אֹרֵב֙ אָרַב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ Gloss=ambush|Ref=JOS_8:21!7|MId=o060080210072|Strong=0693|Type=participle_active 11 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 13 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:21!8|MId=o060080210081|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 12-13 הָעִ֔יר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 13 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:21!9|MId=o060080210091|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 13 עִ֔יר עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 obj _ Gloss=city|Ref=JOS_8:21!9|MId=o060080210092|Strong=5892 14-15 וְכִ֥י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 16 cc _ Gloss=and.(dm)|Ref=JOS_8:21!10|MId=o060080210101|Strong=2050b 15 כִ֥י כִּי SCONJ _ _ 16 mark _ Gloss=that|Ref=JOS_8:21!10|MId=o060080210102|Strong=3588 16 עָלָ֖ה עָלָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 8 conj _ Gloss=it.went.up|Ref=JOS_8:21!11|MId=o060080210111|Strong=5927|Frame=A0:060080210121;|Type=qatal 17 עֲשַׁ֣ן עָשָׁן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ Gloss=the.smoke|Ref=JOS_8:21!12|MId=o060080210121|Strong=6227 18-19 הָעִ֑יר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 19 det _ Gloss=of|Ref=JOS_8:21!13|MId=o060080210131|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 19 עִ֑יר עִיר NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=the.city|Ref=JOS_8:21!13|MId=o060080210132|Strong=5892 20-21 וַיָּשֻׁ֕בוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:21!14|MId=o060080210141|Strong=2050b 21 יָּשֻׁ֕בוּ שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 6 conj _ Gloss=they.turned.back|Ref=JOS_8:21!14|MId=o060080210142|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:060080210012;060080210031;|Type=wayyiqtol 22-23 וַיַּכּ֖וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 22 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 23 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:21!15|MId=o060080210151|Strong=2050b 23 יַּכּ֖וּ נָכָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 6 conj _ Gloss=they.attacked|Ref=JOS_8:21!15|MId=o060080210152|Strong=5221|Frame=AA:060080210012;060080210031;A0:060080210171;|Type=wayyiqtol 24 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 25 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:21!16|MId=o060080210161|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 25 אַנְשֵׁ֥י אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 23 obj _ Gloss=the.men|Ref=JOS_8:21!17|MId=o060080210171|Strong=0376 26-27 הָעָֽי _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 27 det _ Gloss=of.(the)|Ref=JOS_8:21!18|MId=o060080210181|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 27 עָֽי עַי PROPN _ _ 25 compound:smixut _ Gloss=Ai|Ref=JOS_8:21!18|MId=o060080210182|Strong=5857 28 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 27 punct _ Ref=JOS_8:21!18 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | רָאוּ *they saw* | qatal · qal | יהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* + יִשְׂרָאֵל *Israel* | לָכַד *it had captured* + עָלָה *it went up* | | | | לָכַד *it had captured* | qatal · qal | אֹרֵב *ambush* | עִיר *city* | | | | עָלָה *it went up* | qatal · qal | עֲשַׁן *the smoke* | | | | | יָּשֻׁבוּ *they turned back* | wayyiqtol · qal | יהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* + יִשְׂרָאֵל *Israel* | | | | | יַּכּוּ *they attacked* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | אַנְשֵׁי *the men* | | | יהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* + יִשְׂרָאֵל *Israel* | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל חֲזוֹ אֲרֵי כְבַשׁ כְּמָנָא יַת קַרְתָּא וַאֲרֵי סְלֵיק תְּנָנָא דְקַרְתָּא וְתָבוּ וּמְחוֹ יַת אֱנָשֵׁי עָי: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the city, and that the smoke of the city ascended, then they turned back, and slew the men of Ai.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.176/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:171`. - ← previous: [Joshua 8:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.20/) - next →: [Joshua 8:22](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.22/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/)