--- title: Joshua 8:28 — So Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap for ever, even a desolation,… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: So Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap for ever, even a desolation, unto this day. Who acts: Joshua. Joshua 8:28 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.28/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/) / 8:28 # Joshua 8:28 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Joshua · **What happens:** burnt, make · **To what, where:** Ai, hand This is Joshua 8:28 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Joshua — and what happens in the verse to Ai, hand, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. וַיִּשְׂרֹ֥ף יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ אֶת־הָעָ֑י וַיְשִׂימֶ֤הָ תֵּל־עוֹלָם֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ [So Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap for ever, even a desolation, unto this day.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.183/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:178 # text = וַיִּשְׂרֹ֥ף יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ אֶת־הָעָ֑י וַיְשִׂימֶ֤הָ תֵּל־עוֹלָם֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ # verse = JOS.8.28 1-2 וַיִּשְׂרֹ֥ף _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 2 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:28!1|MId=o060080280011|Strong=2050b 2 יִּשְׂרֹ֥ף שָׂרַף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=he.burned|Ref=JOS_8:28!1|MId=o060080280012|Strong=8313|Frame=A0:060080280021;A1:060080280042;|Type=wayyiqtol 3 יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ יְהֹושֻׁעַ PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Joshua|Ref=JOS_8:28!2|MId=o060080280021|Strong=3091 4 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:28!3|MId=o060080280031|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 5-6 הָעָ֑י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 6 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOS_8:28!4|MId=o060080280041|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 6 עָ֑י עַי PROPN _ _ 2 obj _ Gloss=Ai|Ref=JOS_8:28!4|MId=o060080280042|Strong=5857 7-9 וַיְשִׂימֶ֤הָ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:28!5|MId=o060080280051|Strong=2050b 8 יְשִׂימ שׂים VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 2 conj _ Gloss=he|Ref=JOS_8:28!5|MId=o060080280052|Strong=7760|Frame=A0:060080280021;A1:060080280053;|Type=wayyiqtol 9 ֶ֤הָ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 obj _ Gloss=made.it|Ref=JOS_8:28!5|MId=o060080280053|Strong=1886d|Type=pronominal 10 תֵּל־ תֵּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 xcomp _ Gloss=a.mound|Ref=JOS_8:28!6|MId=o060080280061|Strong=8510|SpaceAfter=No 11 עוֹלָם֙ עוֹלָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.perpetuity|Ref=JOS_8:28!7|MId=o060080280071|Strong=5769 12 שְׁמָמָ֔ה שְׁמָמָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 10 appos _ Gloss=a.desolation|Ref=JOS_8:28!8|MId=o060080280081|Strong=8077 13 עַ֖ד עַד ADP _ _ 15 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=JOS_8:28!9|MId=o060080280091|Strong=5704 14-15 הַיּ֥וֹם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 15 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=JOS_8:28!10|MId=o060080280101|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 15 יּ֥וֹם יוֹם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 8 obl _ Gloss=day|Ref=JOS_8:28!10|MId=o060080280102|Strong=3117 16-17 הַזֶּֽה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 הַ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 17 det _ Gloss=(the)|Ref=JOS_8:28!11|MId=o060080280111|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 17 זֶּֽה זֶה DET _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 15 det _ Gloss=this|Ref=JOS_8:28!11|MId=o060080280112|Strong=2088|Type=demonstrative 18 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 17 punct _ Ref=JOS_8:28!11 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: no | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | יִּשְׂרֹף *he burned* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | עָי *Ai* | | | | יְשִׂימ *he* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוֹשֻׁעַ *Joshua* | ֶהָ *made it* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} וְאוֹקִיד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ יַת עָי וְשַׁוְיָהּ תֵּל חֲרִיב לְעָלַם לְצָדוּ עַד יוֹמָא הָדֵין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [So Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap for ever, even a desolation, unto this day.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.183/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:178`. - ← previous: [Joshua 8:27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.27/) - next →: [Joshua 8:29](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.29/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/)