--- title: Joshua 8:31 — as Moses the servant of the LORD commanded the children of Israel, a… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: as Moses the servant of the LORD commanded the children of Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, an altar of unhewn stones, upon which no man had lifted up any iron; and they offered thereon burnt-offerings unto the LORD, and sacrificed peace-offerings. Who acts: Moses, man, men. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.31/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/) / 8:31 # Joshua 8:31 יְהוֹשֻׁעַ **Who acts:** Moses, man, men · **What happens:** command, write, lift up, offer, burn, sacrifice · **To what, where:** children, servant, book, iron, altar, burnt offerings · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Joshua 8:31 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Moses, man, men — and what happens in the verse to children, servant, book, iron, altar, burnt offerings, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 24 chapters of Joshua on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּה֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה עֶֽבֶד־יְהוָ֜ה אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל כַּכָּתוּב֙ בְּסֵ֙פֶר֙ תּוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִזְבַּח֙ אֲבָנִ֣ים שְׁלֵמ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־הֵנִ֥יף עֲלֵיהֶ֖ן בַּרְזֶ֑ל וַיַּעֲל֨וּ עָלָ֤יו עֹלוֹת֙ לַֽיהוָ֔ה וַֽיִּזְבְּח֖וּ שְׁלָמִֽים׃ [as Moses the servant of the LORD commanded the children of Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, an altar of unhewn stones, upon which no man had lifted up any iron; and they offered thereon burnt-offerings unto the LORD, and sacrificed peace-offerings.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.186/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:JOS:181 # text = כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּה֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה עֶֽבֶד־יְהוָ֜ה אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל כַּכָּתוּב֙ בְּסֵ֙פֶר֙ תּוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִזְבַּח֙ אֲבָנִ֣ים שְׁלֵמ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־הֵנִ֥יף עֲלֵיהֶ֖ן בַּרְזֶ֑ל וַיַּעֲל֨וּ עָלָ֤יו עֹלוֹת֙ לַֽיהוָ֔ה וַֽיִּזְבְּח֖וּ שְׁלָמִֽים׃ # verse = JOS.8.31 1-2 כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 0 root _ Gloss=just|Ref=JOS_8:31!1|MId=o060080310011|Strong=3509a 2 אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 3 mark _ Gloss=as|Ref=JOS_8:31!1|MId=o060080310012|Strong=0834|Type=relative 3 צִוָּה֩ צָוָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=PIEL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.had.commanded|Ref=JOS_8:31!2|MId=o060080310021|Strong=6680|Frame=A0:060080310031;A1:060080310071;|Type=qatal 4 מֹשֶׁ֨ה מֹשֶׁה PROPN _ _ 3 nsubj _ Gloss=Moses|Ref=JOS_8:31!3|MId=o060080310031|Strong=4872 5 עֶֽבֶד־ עֶבֶד NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 appos _ Gloss=the.servant|Ref=JOS_8:31!4|MId=o060080310041|Strong=5650|SpaceAfter=No 6 יְהוָ֜ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 5 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=JOS_8:31!5|MId=o060080310051|Strong=3068 7 אֶת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 8 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=JOS_8:31!6|MId=o060080310061|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 8 בְּנֵ֣י בֵּן NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 3 obj _ Gloss=the.people|Ref=JOS_8:31!7|MId=o060080310071|Strong=1121 9 יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל יִשְׂרָאֵל PROPN _ _ 8 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Israel|Ref=JOS_8:31!8|MId=o060080310081|Strong=3478 10-12 כַּכָּתוּב֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 כַּ כְּ ADP _ _ 12 case _ Gloss=according|Ref=JOS_8:31!9|MId=o060080310091|Strong=3509a 11 ה הַ SCONJ _ _ 12 mark _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_8:31!9|MId=o060080310091ה|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 12 כָּתוּב֙ כָּתַב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing 1 advcl _ Gloss=[what.is].written|Ref=JOS_8:31!9|MId=o060080310092|Strong=3789|Type=participle_passive 13-14 בְּסֵ֙פֶר֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 14 case _ Gloss=in|Ref=JOS_8:31!10|MId=o060080310101|Strong=0871a 14 סֵ֙פֶר֙ סֵפֶר NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 obl _ Gloss=the.book|Ref=JOS_8:31!10|MId=o060080310102|Strong=5612 15 תּוֹרַ֣ת תּוֹרָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 14 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.the.law|Ref=JOS_8:31!11|MId=o060080310111|Strong=8451 16 מֹשֶׁ֔ה מֹשֶׁה PROPN _ _ 15 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Moses|Ref=JOS_8:31!12|MId=o060080310121|Strong=4872 17 מִזְבַּח֙ מִזְבֵּחַ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 1 parataxis _ Gloss=an.altar|Ref=JOS_8:31!13|MId=o060080310131|Strong=4196 18 אֲבָנִ֣ים אֶבֶן NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 17 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.stones|Ref=JOS_8:31!14|MId=o060080310141|Strong=0068 19 שְׁלֵמ֔וֹת שָׁלֵם ADJ _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 18 amod _ Gloss=complete|Ref=JOS_8:31!15|MId=o060080310151|Strong=8003|Type=adjective 20 אֲשֶׁ֛ר אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 22 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=JOS_8:31!16|MId=o060080310161|Strong=0834|Type=relative 21 לֹֽא־ לֹא ADV _ _ 22 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=JOS_8:31!17|MId=o060080310171|Strong=3808|Type=negative|SpaceAfter=No 22 הֵנִ֥יף נוּף VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Sing|Person=3 18 acl:relcl _ Gloss=anyone.has.wielded|Ref=JOS_8:31!18|MId=o060080310181|Strong=5130|Frame=A0:;A1:060080310201;|Type=qatal 23-24 עֲלֵיהֶ֖ן _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 עֲלֵי עַל ADP _ _ 24 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JOS_8:31!19|MId=o060080310191|Strong=5921 24 הֶ֖ן הוּא PRON _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=JOS_8:31!19|MId=o060080310192|Strong=2004|Type=pronominal 25 בַּרְזֶ֑ל בַּרְזֶל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 22 obj _ Gloss=iron|Ref=JOS_8:31!20|MId=o060080310201|Strong=1270 26-27 וַיַּעֲל֨וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 27 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:31!21|MId=o060080310211|Strong=2050b 27 יַּעֲל֨וּ עָלָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=HIPHIL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=they.offered.up|Ref=JOS_8:31!21|MId=o060080310212|Strong=5927|Frame=AA:060080310071;A0:060080310231;|Type=wayyiqtol 28-29 עָלָ֤יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 עָלָ֤י עַל ADP _ _ 29 case _ Gloss=on|Ref=JOS_8:31!22|MId=o060080310221|Strong=5921 29 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 27 obl _ Gloss=it|Ref=JOS_8:31!22|MId=o060080310222|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 30 עֹלוֹת֙ עֹלָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 27 obj _ Gloss=burnt.offerings|Ref=JOS_8:31!23|MId=o060080310231|Strong=5930 31-32 לַֽיהוָ֔ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31 לַֽ לְ ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=JOS_8:31!24|MId=o060080310241|Strong=3807a 32 יהוָ֔ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 27 obl _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=JOS_8:31!24|MId=o060080310242|Strong=3068 33-34 וַֽיִּזְבְּח֖וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 וַֽ וְ CCONJ _ _ 34 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=JOS_8:31!25|MId=o060080310251|Strong=2050b 34 יִּזְבְּח֖וּ זָבַח VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 1 conj _ Gloss=they.sacrificed|Ref=JOS_8:31!25|MId=o060080310252|Strong=2076|Frame=A0:060080310071;A1:060080310261;|Type=wayyiqtol 35 שְׁלָמִֽים שֶׁלֶם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 34 obj _ Gloss=peace.offerings|Ref=JOS_8:31!26|MId=o060080310261|Strong=8002|SpaceAfter=No 36 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 35 punct _ Ref=JOS_8:31!26 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - speech: narration - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | צִוָּה *he had commanded* | qatal · piel | מֹשֶׁה *Moses* | בְּנֵי *the people* | | | | **not** הֵנִיף *anyone has wielded* | qatal · hiphil | | בַּרְזֶל *iron* | | | | יַּעֲלוּ *they offered up* | wayyiqtol · hiphil | עֹלוֹת *burnt offerings* | | | בְּנֵי *the people* | | יִּזְבְּחוּ *they sacrificed* | wayyiqtol · qal | בְּנֵי *the people* | שְׁלָמִֽים *peace offerings* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} כְּמָא דְפַקֵיד מֹשֶׁה עַבְדָא דַייָ יַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּמָא דִכְתִיב בִּסְפַר אוֹרַיְיתָא דְמֹשֶׁה מַדְבַּח אַבְנִין שַׁלְמִין דְלָא אִתְּרַם עֲלֵיהוֹן בַּרְזְלָא וְאַסִיקוּ עֲלוֹהִי עֲלָוָן קֳדָם יְיָ וּנְכִיסוּ נִיכְסַת קוּדְשִׁין: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [as Moses the servant of the LORD commanded the children of Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, an altar of unhewn stones, upon which no man had lifted up any iron; and they offered thereon burnt-offerings unto the LORD, and sacrificed peace-offerings.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.186/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:JOS:181`. - ← previous: [Joshua 8:30](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.30/) - next →: [Joshua 8:32](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.32/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/)