--- title: Malachi 1:2 — I have loved you, saith the LORD. Yet ye say: 'Wherein hast Thou lov… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: I have loved you, saith the LORD. Yet ye say: 'Wherein hast Thou loved us?' Was not Esau Jacob's brother? saith the LORD; yet I loved Jacob; Who acts: I, LORD, ye, Thou. Malachi 1:2 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.1.2/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Malachi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/1/) / 1:2 # Malachi 1:2 מַלְאָכִי **Who acts:** I, LORD, ye, Thou, Esau · **What happens:** love, say, not be · **To what, where:** you, us, brother, Jacob · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Malachi 1:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — I, LORD, ye, Thou, Esau — and what happens in the verse to you, us, brother, Jacob, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 3 chapters of Malachi on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. אָהַ֤בְתִּי אֶתְכֶם֙ אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם בַּמָּ֣ה אֲהַבְתָּ֑נוּ הֲלוֹא־אָ֨ח עֵשָׂ֤ו לְיַֽעֲקֹב֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה וָאֹהַ֖ב אֶֽת־יַעֲקֹֽב׃ [I have loved you, saith the LORD.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.1/) [Yet ye say: 'Wherein hast Thou loved us?' Was not Esau Jacob's brother? saith the LORD; yet I loved Jacob;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.2/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:MAL:1 # text = אָהַ֤בְתִּי אֶתְכֶם֙ אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם בַּמָּ֣ה אֲהַבְתָּ֑נוּ הֲלוֹא־אָ֨ח עֵשָׂ֤ו לְיַֽעֲקֹב֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה וָאֹהַ֖ב אֶֽת־יַעֲקֹֽב׃ # verse = MAL.1.2 1 אָהַ֤בְתִּי אָהֵב VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 0 root _ Gloss=I.have.loved|Ref=MAL_1:2!1|MId=o390010020011|Strong=0157|Frame=A0:390010010031;A1:390010020022;|Type=qatal 2-3 אֶתְכֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 אֶת אֵת ADP _ _ 3 case _ Gloss=|Ref=MAL_1:2!2|MId=o390010020021|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker 3 ְכֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 1 obj _ Gloss=you|Ref=MAL_1:2!2|MId=o390010020022|Strong=3641b|Type=pronominal 4 אָמַ֣ר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 parataxis _ Gloss=he.says|Ref=MAL_1:2!3|MId=o390010020031|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:390010020041;|Type=qatal 5 יְהוָ֔ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 4 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=MAL_1:2!4|MId=o390010020041|Strong=3068 6-7 וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 7 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=MAL_1:2!5|MId=o390010020051|Strong=2050b 7 אֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=2 1 conj _ Gloss=you.say|Ref=MAL_1:2!5|MId=o390010020052|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:390010010051;|Type=qatal 8-9 בַּמָּ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 בַּ בְּ ADP _ _ 9 case _ Gloss=|Ref=MAL_1:2!6|MId=o390010020061|Strong=0871a 9 מָּ֣ה מָה PRON _ PronType=Int 10 obl _ Gloss=how?|Ref=MAL_1:2!6|MId=o390010020062|Strong=4100|Type=interrogative 10-11 אֲהַבְתָּ֑נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 אֲהַבְתָּ֑ אָהֵב VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=2 7 ccomp _ Gloss=have|Ref=MAL_1:2!7|MId=o390010020071|Strong=0157|Frame=A0:390010020041;A1:390010020072;|Type=qatal 11 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 10 obj _ Gloss=you.loved.us|Ref=MAL_1:2!7|MId=o390010020072|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 12-13 הֲלוֹא־ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 הֲ הֲ PART _ _ 14 advmod _ Gloss=?|Ref=MAL_1:2!8|MId=o390010020081|Strong=1886b|Type=interrogative 13 לוֹא־ לֹא ADV _ _ 14 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=MAL_1:2!8|MId=o390010020082|Strong=3808|Type=negative 14 אָ֨ח אָח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 parataxis _ Gloss=[did].a.brother|Ref=MAL_1:2!9|MId=o390010020091|Strong=0251 15 עֵשָׂ֤ו עֵשָׂו PROPN _ _ 14 nsubj _ Gloss=Esau|Ref=MAL_1:2!10|MId=o390010020101|Strong=6215 16-17 לְיַֽעֲקֹב֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 17 case _ Gloss=[belong].to|Ref=MAL_1:2!11|MId=o390010020111|Strong=3807a 17 יַֽעֲקֹב֙ יַעֲקֹב PROPN _ _ 14 obl _ Gloss=Jacob|Ref=MAL_1:2!11|MId=o390010020112|Strong=3290 18 נְאֻם־ נְאֻם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 parataxis _ Gloss=the.utterance|Ref=MAL_1:2!12|MId=o390010020121|Strong=5002|SpaceAfter=No 19 יְהוָ֔ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 18 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.Yahweh|Ref=MAL_1:2!13|MId=o390010020131|Strong=3068 20-21 וָאֹהַ֖ב _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 וָ וְ CCONJ _ _ 21 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=MAL_1:2!14|MId=o390010020141|Strong=2050b 21 אֹהַ֖ב אָהֵב VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 1 conj _ Gloss=I.loved|Ref=MAL_1:2!14|MId=o390010020142|Strong=0157|Frame=A0:390010020131;A1:390010020161;|Type=wayyiqtol 22 אֶֽת־ אֵת ADP _ _ 23 case _ Gloss=(et)|Ref=MAL_1:2!15|MId=o390010020151|Strong=0853|Type=direct_object_marker|SpaceAfter=No 23 יַעֲקֹֽב יַעֲקֹב PROPN _ _ 21 obj _ Gloss=Jacob|Ref=MAL_1:2!16|MId=o390010020161|Strong=3290|SpaceAfter=No 24 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 23 punct _ Ref=MAL_1:2!16 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: yes - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | אָהַבְתִּי *I have loved* | qatal · qal | | ְכֶם *you* | | | | אָמַר *he says* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | | אֲמַרְתֶּם *you say* | qatal · qal | | | | | | אֲהַבְתָּ *have* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | נוּ *you loved us* | | | | אֹהַב *I loved* | wayyiqtol · qal | יְהוָה *of Yahweh* | יַעֲקֹֽב *Jacob* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} רְחִימֵית יַתְכוֹן אֲמַר יְיָ וְאִם תֵּימְרוּן בְּמָא רְחִימְתָּנָא הֲלָא אָח עֵשָׂו לְיַעֲקֹב אֲמַר יְיָ וּרְחִימַת יַת יַעֲקֹב: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [I have loved you, saith the LORD.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.1/) 2. [Yet ye say: 'Wherein hast Thou loved us?' Was not Esau Jacob's brother? saith the LORD; yet I loved Jacob;](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.2/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:MAL:1`. - ← previous: [Malachi 1:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.1.1/) - next →: [Malachi 1:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.1.3/) - ↑ back to [Malachi 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/1/)