--- title: Malachi 1:4 — Whereas Edom saith: 'We are beaten down, but we will return and buil… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Whereas Edom saith: 'We are beaten down, but we will return and build the waste places'; thus saith the LORD of hosts: They shall build, but I will throw down; and they shall be called The border of wickedness, and The people whom the LORD execrateth for ever. Who acts: Edom, we, LORD, places. Malac --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.1.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Malachi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/1/) / 1:4 # Malachi 1:4 מַלְאָכִי **Who acts:** Edom, we, LORD, places, I · **What happens:** say, beat down, return, build, throw down, call · **To what, where:** We, waste places, places, people · **Speech:** someone speaks in this verse This is Malachi 1:4 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — Edom, we, LORD, places, I — and what happens in the verse to We, waste places, places, people, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 3 chapters of Malachi on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. כִּֽי־תֹאמַ֨ר אֱד֜וֹם רֻשַּׁ֗שְׁנוּ וְנָשׁוּב֙ וְנִבְנֶ֣ה חֳרָב֔וֹת כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת הֵ֥מָּה יִבְנ֖וּ וַאֲנִ֣י אֶהֱר֑וֹס וְקָרְא֤וּ לָהֶם֙ גְּב֣וּל רִשְׁעָ֔ה וְהָעָ֛ם אֲשֶׁר־זָעַ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃ [Whereas Edom saith: 'We are beaten down, but we will return and build the waste places'; thus saith the LORD of hosts: They shall build, but I will throw down; and they shall be called The border of wickedness, and The people whom the LORD execrateth for ever.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.4/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:MAL:3 # text = כִּֽי־תֹאמַ֨ר אֱד֜וֹם רֻשַּׁ֗שְׁנוּ וְנָשׁוּב֙ וְנִבְנֶ֣ה חֳרָב֔וֹת כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת הֵ֥מָּה יִבְנ֖וּ וַאֲנִ֣י אֶהֱר֑וֹס וְקָרְא֤וּ לָהֶם֙ גְּב֣וּל רִשְׁעָ֔ה וְהָעָ֛ם אֲשֶׁר־זָעַ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃ # verse = MAL.1.4 1 כִּֽי־ כִּי SCONJ _ _ 2 mark _ Gloss=(dm)|Ref=MAL_1:4!1|MId=o390010040011|Strong=3588|SpaceAfter=No 2 תֹאמַ֨ר אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Fem|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 0 root _ Gloss=it.will.say|Ref=MAL_1:4!2|MId=o390010040021|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:390010040031;|Type=yiqtol 3 אֱד֜וֹם אֱדוֹם PROPN _ _ 2 nsubj _ Gloss=Edom|Ref=MAL_1:4!3|MId=o390010040031|Strong=0123 4 רֻשַּׁ֗שְׁנוּ רָשַׁשׁ VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=PUAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 2 ccomp _ Gloss=we.have.been.shattered|Ref=MAL_1:4!4|MId=o390010040041|Strong=7567|Frame=A1:390010040031;|Type=qatal 5-6 וְנָשׁוּב֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 6 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=MAL_1:4!5|MId=o390010040051|Strong=2050b 6 נָשׁוּב֙ שׁוּב VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 4 conj _ Gloss=we.will.return|Ref=MAL_1:4!5|MId=o390010040052|Strong=7725|Frame=A0:390010040031;|Type=yiqtol 7-8 וְנִבְנֶ֣ה _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 8 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=MAL_1:4!6|MId=o390010040061|Strong=2050b 8 נִבְנֶ֣ה בָּנָה VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 6 conj _ Gloss=we.will.rebuild|Ref=MAL_1:4!6|MId=o390010040062|Strong=1129|Frame=A0:390010040031;A1:390010040071;|Type=yiqtol 9 חֳרָב֔וֹת חׇרְבָּה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 8 obj _ Gloss=[the].ruins|Ref=MAL_1:4!7|MId=o390010040071|Strong=2723 10 כֹּ֤ה כֹּה ADV _ _ 11 advmod _ Gloss=thus|Ref=MAL_1:4!8|MId=o390010040081|Strong=3541 11 אָמַר֙ אָמַר VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 4 parataxis _ Gloss=he.says|Ref=MAL_1:4!9|MId=o390010040091|Strong=0559|Frame=A0:390010040101;|Type=qatal 12 יְהוָ֣ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 11 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=MAL_1:4!10|MId=o390010040101|Strong=3068 13 צְבָא֔וֹת צָבָא NOUN _ Number=Plur 12 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.hosts|Ref=MAL_1:4!11|MId=o390010040111|Strong=6635 14 הֵ֥מָּה הֵמָּה PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ Gloss=they|Ref=MAL_1:4!12|MId=o390010040121|Strong=1992|Type=personal 15 יִבְנ֖וּ בָּנָה VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 11 ccomp _ Gloss=they.will.build|Ref=MAL_1:4!13|MId=o390010040131|Strong=1129|Frame=A0:390010040121;|Type=yiqtol 16-17 וַאֲנִ֣י _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 וַ וְ CCONJ _ _ 18 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=MAL_1:4!14|MId=o390010040141|Strong=2050b 17 אֲנִ֣י אֲנִי PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 18 nsubj _ Gloss=I|Ref=MAL_1:4!14|MId=o390010040142|Strong=0589|Type=personal 18 אֶהֱר֑וֹס הָרַס VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=1 15 conj _ Gloss=I.will.tear.down|Ref=MAL_1:4!15|MId=o390010040151|Strong=2040|Frame=A0:390010040142;|Type=yiqtol 19-20 וְקָרְא֤וּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 20 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=MAL_1:4!16|MId=o390010040161|Strong=2050b 20 קָרְא֤וּ קָרָא VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=3 15 conj _ Gloss=people.will.call|Ref=MAL_1:4!16|MId=o390010040162|Strong=7121|Frame=A0:;A1:390010040181;390010040203;|Type=weqatal 21-22 לָהֶם֙ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21 ל לְ ADP _ _ 22 case _ Gloss=(to)|Ref=MAL_1:4!17|MId=o390010040171|Strong=3807a 22 ָהֶם֙ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 obl _ Gloss=them|Ref=MAL_1:4!17|MId=o390010040172|Strong=3963a|Type=pronominal 23 גְּב֣וּל גְּבוּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 20 obj _ Gloss=a.territory|Ref=MAL_1:4!18|MId=o390010040181|Strong=1366 24 רִשְׁעָ֔ה רִשְׁעָה NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 23 compound:smixut _ Gloss=of.wickedness|Ref=MAL_1:4!19|MId=o390010040191|Strong=7564 25-27 וְהָעָ֛ם _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25 וְ וְ CCONJ _ _ 27 cc _ Gloss=and|Ref=MAL_1:4!20|MId=o390010040201|Strong=2050b 26 הָ הַ DET _ PronType=Art 27 det _ Gloss=the|Ref=MAL_1:4!20|MId=o390010040202|Strong=1886a|Type=definite_article 27 עָ֛ם עַם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 23 conj _ Gloss=people|Ref=MAL_1:4!20|MId=o390010040203|Strong=5971 28 אֲשֶׁר־ אֲשֶׁר SCONJ _ _ 29 mark _ Gloss=which|Ref=MAL_1:4!21|MId=o390010040211|Strong=0834|Type=relative|SpaceAfter=No 29 זָעַ֥ם זָעַם VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 27 acl:relcl _ Gloss=he.was.indignant|Ref=MAL_1:4!22|MId=o390010040221|Strong=2194|Frame=A1:390010040203;A0:390010040231;|Type=qatal 30 יְהוָ֖ה יהוה PROPN _ _ 29 nsubj _ Gloss=Yahweh|Ref=MAL_1:4!23|MId=o390010040231|Strong=3068 31 עַד־ עַד ADP _ _ 32 case _ Gloss=until|Ref=MAL_1:4!24|MId=o390010040241|Strong=5704|SpaceAfter=No 32 עוֹלָֽם עוֹלָם NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 29 obl _ Gloss=perpetuity|Ref=MAL_1:4!25|MId=o390010040251|Strong=5769|SpaceAfter=No 33 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 32 punct _ Ref=MAL_1:4!25 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - speech: a frame and its quote - negation: no - the frame alone: decl · assert · none | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | תֹאמַר *it will say* | yiqtol · qal | אֱדוֹם *Edom* | | | | | רֻשַּׁשְׁנוּ *we have been shattered* | qatal · pual | | אֱדוֹם *Edom* | | | | נָשׁוּב *we will return* | yiqtol · qal | אֱדוֹם *Edom* | | | | | נִבְנֶה *we will rebuild* | yiqtol · qal | אֱדוֹם *Edom* | חֳרָבוֹת *\[the\] ruins* | | | | אָמַר *he says* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | | | | | יִבְנוּ *they will build* | yiqtol · qal | הֵמָּה *they* | | | | | אֶהֱרוֹס *I will tear down* | yiqtol · qal | אֲנִי *I* | | | | | קָרְאוּ *people will call* | weqatal · qal | | גְּבוּל *a territory* + עָם *people* | | | | זָעַם *he was indignant* | qatal · qal | יְהוָה *Yahweh* | עָם *people* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} אֲרֵי יֵימְרוּן אֱדוֹמָאֵי אִתְמַסְכַּנָנָא כְּעַן עֲתַרְנָא נְתוּב וְנִבְנֵי חֳרְבָתָא כִּדְנַן אֲמַר יְיָ צְבָאוֹת אִינוּן יִבְנוּן וַאֲנָא אֲפַגַר וְיִקְרוֹן לְהוֹן תְּחוּמָא דְעַמָא רַשִׁיעָא וְעַמָא דְאַיְתֵי עֲלֵיהוֹן לְוָט עַד עָלְמָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Whereas Edom saith: 'We are beaten down, but we will return and build the waste places'; thus saith the LORD of hosts: They shall build, but I will throw down; and they shall be called The border of wickedness, and The people whom the LORD execrateth for ever.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.4/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:MAL:3`. - ← previous: [Malachi 1:3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.1.3/) - next →: [Malachi 1:5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.1.5/) - ↑ back to [Malachi 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/1/)