--- title: Malachi 2:10 — Have we not all one father? Hath not one God created us? Why do we d… · Hebrew, tree and pragmatics description: Have we not all one father? Hath not one God created us? Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers? Who acts: one God, we, fathers. Malachi 2:10 in Hebrew with its dependency tree, Targum Jonathan, JPS 1917 and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.2.10/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Malachi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/) / [chapter 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/2/) / 2:10 # Malachi 2:10 מַלְאָכִי **Who acts:** one God, we, fathers · **What happens:** not create, deal, profane, covenant · **To what, where:** us, man, covenant This is Malachi 2:10 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Nevi'im — the Prophets). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — one God, we, fathers — and what happens in the verse to us, man, covenant, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Jonathan and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 3 chapters of Malachi on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between. הֲל֨וֹא אָ֤ב אֶחָד֙ לְכֻלָּ֔נוּ הֲל֛וֹא אֵ֥ל אֶֽחָ֖ד בְּרָאָ֑נוּ מַדּ֗וּעַ נִבְגַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ בְּאָחִ֔יו לְחַלֵּ֖ל בְּרִ֥ית אֲבֹתֵֽינוּ׃ [Have we not all one father?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.29/) [Hath not one God created us?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.30/) [Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.31/) ## The tree {#tree} Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss. ```conllu rtl gloss # sent_id = wlc:MAL:23 # text = הֲל֨וֹא אָ֤ב אֶחָד֙ לְכֻלָּ֔נוּ הֲל֛וֹא אֵ֥ל אֶֽחָ֖ד בְּרָאָ֑נוּ מַדּ֗וּעַ נִבְגַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ בְּאָחִ֔יו לְחַלֵּ֖ל בְּרִ֥ית אֲבֹתֵֽינוּ׃ # verse = MAL.2.10 1-2 הֲל֨וֹא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 הֲ הֲ PART _ _ 6 advmod _ Gloss=?|Ref=MAL_2:10!1|MId=o390020100011|Strong=1886b|Type=interrogative 2 ל֨וֹא לֹא ADV _ _ 6 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=MAL_2:10!1|MId=o390020100012|Strong=3808|Type=negative 3 אָ֤ב אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ Gloss=[does].a.father|Ref=MAL_2:10!2|MId=o390020100021|Strong=0001 4 אֶחָד֙ אֶחָד NUM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 nummod _ Gloss=one|Ref=MAL_2:10!3|MId=o390020100031|Strong=0259|Type=cardinal_number 5-7 לְכֻלָּ֔נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 6 case _ Gloss=[belong].to|Ref=MAL_2:10!4|MId=o390020100041|Strong=3807a 6 כֻלּ כֹּל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ Gloss=all|Ref=MAL_2:10!4|MId=o390020100042|Strong=3605 7 ָ֔נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 6 nmod:poss _ Gloss=of.us|Ref=MAL_2:10!4|MId=o390020100043|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 8-9 הֲל֛וֹא _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 הֲ הֲ PART _ _ 12 advmod _ Gloss=?|Ref=MAL_2:10!5|MId=o390020100051|Strong=1886b|Type=interrogative 9 ל֛וֹא לֹא ADV _ _ 12 advmod _ Gloss=not|Ref=MAL_2:10!5|MId=o390020100052|Strong=3808|Type=negative 10 אֵ֥ל אֵל NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ Gloss=God|Ref=MAL_2:10!6|MId=o390020100061|Strong=0410 11 אֶֽחָ֖ד אֶחָד NUM _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 10 nummod _ Gloss=one|Ref=MAL_2:10!7|MId=o390020100071|Strong=0259|Type=cardinal_number 12-13 בְּרָאָ֑נוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 בְּרָא בָּרָא VERB _ Gender=Masc|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Sing|Person=3 6 parataxis _ Gloss=did|Ref=MAL_2:10!8|MId=o390020100081|Strong=1254|Frame=A0:390020100061;A1:390020100082;|Type=qatal 13 ָ֑נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 12 obj _ Gloss=he.create.us|Ref=MAL_2:10!8|MId=o390020100082|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 14 מַדּ֗וּעַ מַדּוּעַ ADV _ _ 15 advmod _ Gloss=why?|Ref=MAL_2:10!9|MId=o390020100091|Strong=4069|Type=interrogative 15 נִבְגַּד֙ בָּגַד VERB _ Gender=Com|HebBinyan=QAL|Number=Plur|Person=1 6 parataxis _ Gloss=do.we.deal.treacherously|Ref=MAL_2:10!10|MId=o390020100101|Strong=0898|Frame=A0:390010010071;390010010051;390020010052;|Type=yiqtol 16 אִ֣ישׁ אִישׁ NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 15 obl _ Gloss=each|Ref=MAL_2:10!11|MId=o390020100111|Strong=0376 17-19 בְּאָחִ֔יו _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 בְּ בְּ ADP _ _ 18 case _ Gloss=with|Ref=MAL_2:10!12|MId=o390020100121|Strong=0871a 18 אָחִ֔י אָח NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 16 nmod _ Gloss=brother|Ref=MAL_2:10!12|MId=o390020100122|Strong=0251 19 ו הוּא PRON _ Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ Gloss=his|Ref=MAL_2:10!12|MId=o390020100123|Strong=2050c|Type=pronominal 20-21 לְחַלֵּ֖ל _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 לְ לְ ADP _ _ 21 case _ Gloss=to|Ref=MAL_2:10!13|MId=o390020100131|Strong=3807a 21 חַלֵּ֖ל חָלַל VERB _ HebBinyan=PIEL 15 advcl _ Gloss=profane|Ref=MAL_2:10!13|MId=o390020100132|Strong=2490|Frame=A0:390010010071;390010010051;390020010052;A1:390020100141;|Type=infinitive_construct 22 בְּרִ֥ית בְּרִית NOUN _ Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 21 obj _ Gloss=the.covenant|Ref=MAL_2:10!14|MId=o390020100141|Strong=1285 23-24 אֲבֹתֵֽינוּ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23 אֲבֹתֵֽי אָב NOUN _ Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 22 compound:smixut _ Gloss=our.ancestors|Ref=MAL_2:10!15|MId=o390020100151|Strong=0001 24 נוּ הוּא PRON _ Gender=Com|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 23 nmod:poss _ Gloss=our|Ref=MAL_2:10!15|MId=o390020100152|Strong=5105a|Type=pronominal 25 ׃ ׃ PUNCT _ _ 24 punct _ Ref=MAL_2:10!15 ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: yes/no question - act: ask - voice: character - speech: inside a quote begun earlier - negation: yes | verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **not** בְּרָא *did* | qatal · qal | אֵל *God* | ָנוּ *he create us* | | | | נִבְגַּד *do we deal treacherously* | yiqtol · qal | | | | | | חַלֵּל *profane* | infinitive construct · piel | | בְּרִית *the covenant* | | | MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen. ## Targum Jonathan {#onkelos} הֲלָא אַבָּא חַד לְכֻלָנָא הֲלָא אֱלָהָא חַד בָּרָא יָתָנָא מָא דֵין נְשַׁקֵר גְבַר בַּאֲחוֹהִי לַאֲפָסָא קְיָמָא דִי עִם אֲבָהָתָנָא: The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet. ## English, JPS 1917 {#english} Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in. 1. [Have we not all one father?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.29/) 2. [Hath not one God created us?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.30/) 3. [Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.31/) **Hebrew text:** Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. **Tree, glosses and frames:** MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at [github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew](https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew/), [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/); converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). **Speech act:** Mova's rules on the MACULA words (`macula prag`). **Targum:** Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain. **English:** JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License). Hebrew sentence `wlc:MAL:23`. - ← previous: [Malachi 2:9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.2.9/) - next →: [Malachi 2:11](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.2.11/) - ↑ back to [Malachi 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL/2/)