---
title: 1 Kings 1:1 (JPS 1917) — NOW KING David was old and stricken in years; and they covered him w… · tree and pragmatics
description: NOW KING David was old and stricken in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he could get no heat. Who acts: KING David, they, David. 1 Kings 1:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Kings 1:1 · JPS 1917

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NOW KING David was old and stricken in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he could get no heat.

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**Who acts:** KING David, they, David · **What happens:** be, cover, get · **To what, where:** David, heat

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This is 1 Kings 1:1 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (KING David, they, David), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1KI:0
# text = NOW KING David was old and stricken in years; and they covered him with clothes, but he could get no heat.
1	NOW	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
2	KING	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	stricken	stricken	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
14	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	13	obl	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
22	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	23	det	_	_
23	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | KING David |  |  |  | now | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | KING David *not said here* |  |  |  | year |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cover** | past | they |  | David |  |  | with clothes | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent he=Destination with clothes=Theme |
| 4 | **get** | could | David | no heat |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer heat=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וְהַמֶּ֤לֶךְ דָּוִד֙ זָקֵ֔ן בָּ֖א בַּיָּמִ֑ים וַיְכַסֻּ֙הוּ֙ בַּבְּגָדִ֔ים וְלֹ֥א יִחַ֖ם לֽוֹ׃

[1 Kings 1:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.1.1/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1KI:0` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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