---
title: 1 Kings 18:28 (JPS 1917) — And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with swo… · tree and pragmatics
description: And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with swords and lances, till the blood gushed out upon them. Who acts: bullocks, blood. 1 Kings 18:28 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Kings 18:28 · JPS 1917

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And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with swords and lances, till the blood gushed out upon them.

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**Who acts:** bullocks, blood · **What happens:** cry, cut, gush out · **To what, where:** bullocks

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This is 1 Kings 18:28 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bullocks, blood), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1KI:679
# text = And they cried aloud, and cut themselves after their manner with swords and lances, till the blood gushed out upon them.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cried	cry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	aloud	aloud	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	cut	cut	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	7	obj	_	_
9	after	after	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	swords	sword	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	lances	lance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	till	till	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	gushed	gush	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
21	out	out	ADP	RP	_	20	compound:prt	_	_
22	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obl	_	_
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cry** *speech: express* | past | bullocks *= bullock* |  |  |  |  | aloud *property* | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **cut** | past | bullocks *= bullock* *not said here* | bullocks *= bullock* |  |  | after bullocks's manner | with swords and lances | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Patient with sword=Instrument |
| 3 | **gush out** | past | the blood |  |  |  |  | upon bullocks *= bullock* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon they=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַֽיִּקְרְאוּ֙ בְּק֣וֹל גָּד֔וֹל וַיִּתְגֹּֽדְדוּ֙ כְּמִשְׁפָּטָ֔ם בַּחֲרָב֖וֹת וּבָֽרְמָחִ֑ים עַד־שְׁפָךְ־דָּ֖ם עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃

[1 Kings 18:28: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.18.28/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1KI:679` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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