---
title: 1 Kings 18:45 (JPS 1917) — And it came to pass in a little while, that the heaven grew black wi… · tree and pragmatics
description: And it came to pass in a little while, that the heaven grew black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain. Who acts: rain, heaven, great rain. 1 Kings 18:45 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Kings 18:45 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 2

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And it came to pass in a little while, that the heaven grew black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain.

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**Who acts:** rain, heaven, great rain · **What happens:** come, pass, grow, be

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This is 1 Kings 18:45 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 2 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rain, heaven, great rain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1KI:699
# text = And it came to pass in a little while, that the heaven grew black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	while	while	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	heaven	heaven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
15	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	_
16	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	23	expl	_	_
23	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | rain |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pass** | to-infinitive | rain *not said here* |  |  |  | while |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **grow** | past | the heaven |  |  |  |  | with clouds and wind; black *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **be** | past | a great rain |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיְהִ֣י ׀ עַד־כֹּ֣ה וְעַד־כֹּ֗ה וְהַשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ הִֽתְקַדְּרוּ֙ עָבִ֣ים וְר֔וּחַ וַיְהִ֖י גֶּ֣שֶׁם גָּד֑וֹל וַיִּרְכַּ֥ב אַחְאָ֖ב וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ יִזְרְעֶֽאלָה׃

[1 Kings 18:45: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.18.45/)

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This verse in JPS 1917:

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1. **And it came to pass in a little while, that the heaven grew black with clouds and wind, and there was a great rain.**
2. [And Ahab rode, and went to Jezreel.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.700/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1KI:699` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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