---
title: 1 Kings 20:1 (JPS 1917) — And Ben-hadad the king of Aram gathered all his host together; and t… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Ben-hadad the king of Aram gathered all his host together; and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses and chariots; and he went up and besieged Samaria, and fought against it. Who acts: Ben hadad, thirty kings, king. 1 Kings 20:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmat
---

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# 1 Kings 20:1 · JPS 1917

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And Ben-hadad the king of Aram gathered all his host together; and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses and chariots; and he went up and besieged Samaria, and fought against it.

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**Who acts:** Ben hadad, thirty kings, king · **What happens:** gather, be, go up, besiege, fight · **To what, where:** host, Samaria

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 1 Kings 20:1 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ben hadad, thirty kings, king), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1KI:726
# text = And Ben-hadad the king of Aram gathered all his host together; and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses and chariots; and he went up and besieged Samaria, and fought against it.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
2	Ben	Ben	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	flat	_	_
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	_
4	hadad	hadad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Aram	Aram	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	gathered	gather	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	12	det:predet	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	host	host	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	together	together	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	17	expl	_	_
17	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
18	thirty	thirty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	21	nummod	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	conj	_	_
21	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
22	with	with	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nmod	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	chariots	chariot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	conj	_	_
29	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	32	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
31	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
32	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
33	up	up	ADP	RP	_	32	compound:prt	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
35	besieged	besiege	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	conj	_	_
36	Samaria	Samaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	obj	_	_
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
39	fought	fight	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	conj	_	_
40	against	against	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
41	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	39	obl	_	_
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gather** | past | Ben hadad | hadad's host |  |  |  | together *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent host=Theme |
| 2 | **be** | past | thirty kings with hadad and horses and chariots |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **go up** | past | king |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 4 | **besiege** | past | king *not said here* | Samaria |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **fight** | past | king *not said here* |  |  |  |  | against host | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וּבֶנ־הֲדַ֣דבֶנ־הֲדַ֣ד מֶֽלֶךְ־אֲרָ֗ם קָבַץ֙ אֶת־כָּל־חֵיל֔וֹ וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֨ים וּשְׁנַ֥יִם מֶ֛לֶךְ אִתּ֖וֹ וְס֣וּס וָרָ֑כֶב וַיַּ֗עַל וַיָּ֙צַר֙ עַל־שֹׁ֣מְר֔וֹן וַיִּלָּ֖חֶם בָּֽהּ׃

[1 Kings 20:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.1/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1KI:726` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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