--- title: 1 Kings 20:14 (JPS 1917) — And Ahab said: 'By whom?' And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: By the… · tree and pragmatics description: And Ahab said: 'By whom?' And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: By the young men of the princes of the provinces.' Then he said: 'Who shall begin the battle?' And he answered: 'Thou.' Who acts: Ahab, LORD. 1 Kings 20:14 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.739/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI/20/) / [20:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.14/) / JPS 1 # 1 Kings 20:14 · JPS 1917 And Ahab said: 'By whom?' And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: By the young men of the princes of the provinces.' Then he said: 'Who shall begin the battle?' And he answered: 'Thou.' **Who acts:** Ahab, LORD · **What happens:** say, begin, answer · **To what, where:** battle · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is 1 Kings 20:14 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ahab, LORD), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:1KI:739 # text = And Ahab said: 'By whom?' And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: By the young men of the princes of the provinces.' Then he said: 'Who shall begin the battle?' And he answered: 'Thou.' 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 Ahab Ahab PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 : : PUNCT : _ 3 punct _ _ 5 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 7 punct _ _ 6 By by ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 7 whom whom PRON WP Case=Acc|PronType=Int 3 obl _ _ 8 ? ? PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ 9 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 7 punct _ _ 10 And and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 11 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 nsubj _ _ 12 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 13 : : PUNCT : _ 16 punct _ _ 14 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 16 punct _ _ 15 Thus thus ADV RB _ 16 advmod _ _ 16 saith say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 ccomp _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 16 nsubj _ _ 19 : : PUNCT : _ 23 punct _ _ 20 By by ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 23 det _ _ 22 young young ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod _ _ 23 men man NOUN NNS Number=Plur 16 parataxis _ _ 24 of of ADP IN _ 26 case _ _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 princes prince NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 nmod _ _ 27 of of ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 provinces province NOUN NNS Number=Plur 26 nmod _ _ 30 . . PUNCT . _ 16 punct _ _ 31 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 16 punct _ _ 32 Then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 34 advmod _ _ 33 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nsubj _ _ 34 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ _ 35 : : PUNCT : _ 39 punct _ _ 36 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 39 punct _ _ 37 Who who PRON WP PronType=Int 39 nsubj _ _ 38 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 39 aux _ _ 39 begin begin VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 34 ccomp _ _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 41 battle battle NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obj _ _ 42 ? ? PUNCT . _ 39 punct _ _ 43 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 39 punct _ _ 44 And and CCONJ CC _ 46 cc _ _ 45 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 46 nsubj _ _ 46 answered answer VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 47 : : PUNCT : _ 49 punct _ _ 48 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 49 punct _ _ 49 Thou thou PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch 46 ccomp _ _ 50 . . PUNCT . _ 49 punct _ _ 51 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 49 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: wh-question - act: ask - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Ahab | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Ahab | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the LORD | | | | | thus *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | lord | | | | then | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 5 | **begin** | shall | | the battle | | | | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent battle=Eventuality | | 6 | **answer** *speech: assert* | past | lord | | | | | | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אַחְאָב֙ בְּמִ֔י וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה בְּנַעֲרֵ֖י שָׂרֵ֣י הַמְּדִינ֑וֹת וַיֹּ֛אמֶר מִֽי־יֶאְסֹ֥ר הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אָֽתָּה׃ [1 Kings 20:14: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.14/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1KI:739` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [1 Kings 20:13 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.738/) - next →: [1 Kings 20:15 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1KI.740/) - ↑ back to [1 Kings 20:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1KI.20.14/)