---
title: 1 Samuel 12:4 (JPS 1917) — And they said: 'Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neithe… · tree and pragmatics
description: And they said: 'Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither hast thou taken aught of any man's hand.' Who acts: eyes, Thou. 1 Samuel 12:4 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 12:4 · JPS 1917

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And they said: 'Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither hast thou taken aught of any man's hand.'

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**Who acts:** eyes, Thou · **What happens:** say, not defraud, oppress, take · **To what, where:** us, aught · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 1 Samuel 12:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (eyes, Thou), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:278
# text = And they said: 'Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither hast thou taken aught of any man's hand.'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
5	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	_
6	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	9	nsubj	_	_
7	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	defrauded	defraud	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	_
10	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	13	cc	_	_
13	oppressed	oppress	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	_
14	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	neither	neither	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	19	cc	_	_
17	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	19	nsubj	_	_
19	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	_
20	aught	aught	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
22	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	23	det	_	_
23	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod:poss	_	_
24	's	's	PART	POS	_	23	case	_	_
25	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
27	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | eyes *= eye* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **defraud** | present · perfect | Thou | us |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Source |
| 3 | **oppress** | participle | Thou *not said here* | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **take** | present · perfect | thou | aught of any man's hand |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent aught=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ לֹ֥א עֲשַׁקְתָּ֖נוּ וְלֹ֣א רַצּוֹתָ֑נוּ וְלֹֽא־לָקַ֥חְתָּ מִיַּד־אִ֖ישׁ מְאֽוּמָה׃

[1 Samuel 12:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.12.4/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:278` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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