--- title: 1 Samuel 14:20 (JPS 1917) — And Saul and all the people that were with him were gathered togethe… · tree and pragmatics description: And Saul and all the people that were with him were gathered together, and came to the battle; and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. Who acts: people, sword, great discomfiture. 1 Samuel 14:20 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the prag --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.348/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [1 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/) / [chapter 14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA/14/) / [14:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.20/) / JPS 1 # 1 Samuel 14:20 · JPS 1917 And Saul and all the people that were with him were gathered together, and came to the battle; and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. **Who acts:** people, sword, great discomfiture · **What happens:** be, gather, come · **To what, where:** Saul, battle This is 1 Samuel 14:20 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, sword, great discomfiture), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:1SA:348 # text = And Saul and all the people that were with him were gathered together, and came to the battle; and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 2 Saul Saul PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 nsubj:pass _ _ 3 and and CCONJ CC _ 6 cc _ _ 4 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 6 det:predet _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 6 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 2 conj _ _ 7 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 10 nsubj _ _ 8 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 cop _ _ 9 with with ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 6 acl:relcl _ _ 11 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 aux:pass _ _ 12 gathered gather VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _ 13 together together ADV RB _ 12 advmod _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 16 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 conj _ _ 17 to to ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 battle battle NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 obl _ _ 20 ; ; PUNCT : _ 32 punct _ _ 21 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 23 behold behold INTJ UH _ 32 discourse _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 25 every every DET DT PronType=Tot 26 det _ _ 26 man man NOUN NN Number=Sing 28 nmod:poss _ _ 27 's 's PART POS _ 26 case _ _ 28 sword sword NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 nsubj _ _ 29 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 32 cop _ _ 30 against against ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 31 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 32 nmod:poss _ _ 32 fellow fellow NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 conj _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 36 punct _ _ 34 and and CCONJ CC _ 36 cc _ _ 35 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 36 expl _ _ 36 was be VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 32 conj _ _ 37 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 40 det _ _ 38 very very ADV RB _ 39 advmod _ _ 39 great great ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 40 amod _ _ 40 discomfiture discomfiture NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 nsubj _ _ 41 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | past | all people | | | | | with tumult | tree rules | | 2 | **gather** | past · passive | | Saul and all people | | | | together *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | | 3 | **come** | past | | | | the battle | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to battle=Initial\_Location | | 4 | **is** | past | every man's sword | | | | | against Saul's fellow | tree rules | | 5 | **be** | past | a great discomfiture | | | there | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיִּזָּעֵ֣ק שָׁא֗וּל וְכָל־הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִתּ֔וֹ וַיָּבֹ֖אוּ עַד־הַמִּלְחָמָ֑ה וְהִנֵּ֨ה הָיְתָ֜ה חֶ֤רֶב אִישׁ֙ בְּרֵעֵ֔הוּ מְהוּמָ֖ה גְּדוֹלָ֥ה מְאֹֽד׃ [1 Samuel 14:20: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.20/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:348` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [1 Samuel 14:19 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.347/) - next →: [1 Samuel 14:21 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/1SA.349/) - ↑ back to [1 Samuel 14:20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.14.20/)