---
title: 1 Samuel 18:1 (JPS 1917) — And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul,… · tree and pragmatics
description: And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul. Who acts: he, end, Jonathan. 1 Samuel 18:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 18:1 · JPS 1917

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And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul.

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**Who acts:** he, end, Jonathan · **What happens:** come, pass, make, speak, knit, love · **To what, where:** it, end, soul, David · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 1 Samuel 18:1 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (he, end, Jonathan), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:515
# text = And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	expl	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
11	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
14	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	acl	_	_
15	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Saul	Saul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
18	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	soul	soul	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux:pass	_	_
24	knit	knit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	ccomp	_	_
25	with	with	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	soul	soul	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	_
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
32	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	nsubj	_	_
33	loved	love	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	conj	_	_
34	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	33	obj	_	_
35	as	as	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
36	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	38	nmod:poss	_	_
37	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
38	soul	soul	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obl	_	_
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past |  | it |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pass** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | past · perfect | he | a end |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent end=Product |
| 4 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | a end *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unto Saul | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **knit** | past · passive |  | the soul of Jonathan |  |  |  | with the soul of David | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Product |
| 6 | **love** | past | Jonathan | David |  |  |  | as Jonathan's own soul | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיְהִ֗י כְּכַלֹּתוֹ֙ לְדַבֵּ֣ר אֶל־שָׁא֔וּל וְנֶ֙פֶשׁ֙ יְה֣וֹנָתָ֔ן נִקְשְׁרָ֖ה בְּנֶ֣פֶשׁ דָּוִ֑ד וַיֶּאֱהָבֵ֥הוּ יְהוֹנָתָ֖ן כְּנַפְשֽׁוֹ׃

[1 Samuel 18:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.18.1/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:515` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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