---
title: 1 Samuel 19:4 (JPS 1917) — And Jonathan spoke good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Jonathan spoke good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto him: 'Let not the king sin against his servant, against David; because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his work hath been very good towards thee; Who acts: Jonathan, king, David, work. 1 Samuel 19:4 in JPS 1917 with it
---

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# 1 Samuel 19:4 · JPS 1917

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And Jonathan spoke good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto him: 'Let not the king sin against his servant, against David; because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his work hath been very good towards thee;

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**Who acts:** Jonathan, king, David, work · **What happens:** speak, say, not let, sin, not sin, be · **To what, where:** good, king · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 1 Samuel 19:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jonathan, king, David, work), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:551
# text = And Jonathan spoke good of David unto Saul his father, and said unto him: 'Let not the king sin against his servant, against David; because he hath not sinned against thee, and because his work hath been very good towards thee;
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	good	good	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Saul	Saul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
14	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obl	_	_
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
17	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	_
18	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	13	ccomp	_	_
19	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
22	sin	sin	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	_
23	against	against	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	servant	servant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	against	against	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
29	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	34	punct	_	_
30	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	34	mark	_	_
31	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
32	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux	_	_
33	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	34	advmod	_	_
34	sinned	sin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
35	against	against	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	34	obl	_	_
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	45	cc	_	_
39	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	45	mark	_	_
40	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	41	nmod:poss	_	_
41	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	nsubj	_	_
42	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	45	aux	_	_
43	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	45	cop	_	_
44	very	very	ADV	RB	_	45	advmod	_	_
45	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	conj	_	_
46	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
47	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	45	obl	_	_
48	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: command
- act: request
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | Jonathan | good |  |  |  | of David; unto Saul | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Jonathan *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unto Saul | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **not** **let** | infinitive |  | the king |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **sin** | infinitive | the king *not said here* |  |  |  |  | against Saul's servant; against David | vn rebel-71.2-1-1 «NP V PP.maleficiary»: agent=Agent against servant=Maleficiary |
| 5 | **not** **sin** | present · perfect | David |  |  |  |  | against thee | vn rebel-71.2-1-1 «NP V PP.maleficiary»: agent=Agent against thou=Maleficiary |
| 6 | **is** | present · perfect | David's work |  |  |  |  | towards thee; good *property* | tree rules |
| 7 | **work** |  | David |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיְדַבֵּ֨ר יְהוֹנָתָ֤ן בְּדָוִד֙ ט֔וֹב אֶל־שָׁא֖וּל אָבִ֑יו וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵ֠לָיו אַל־יֶחֱטָ֨א הַמֶּ֜לֶךְ בְּעַבְדּ֣וֹ בְדָוִ֗ד כִּ֣י ל֤וֹא חָטָא֙ לָ֔ךְ וְכִ֥י מַעֲשָׂ֖יו טוֹב־לְךָ֥ מְאֹֽד׃

[1 Samuel 19:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.19.4/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:551` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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