---
title: 1 Samuel 20:16 (JPS 1917) — So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David: 'The LORD even… · tree and pragmatics
description: So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David: 'The LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.' Who acts: Jonathan, LORD. 1 Samuel 20:16 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 20:16 · JPS 1917

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So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David: 'The LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.'

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**Who acts:** Jonathan, LORD · **What happens:** make, require · **To what, where:** covenant, hand

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This is 1 Samuel 20:16 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jonathan, LORD), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:591
# text = So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David: 'The LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.'
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	covenant	covenant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
12	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	_
13	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
15	even	even	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	require	require	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	at	at	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	nmod:poss	_	_
23	's	's	PART	POS	_	22	case	_	_
24	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	_
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
26	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed form=decl

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Jonathan | a covenant |  |  |  | with the house of David | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent covenant=Product |
| 2 | **require** | present | the LORD | covenant |  | the hand of David's enemies |  |  | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme it=Precondition |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיִּכְרֹ֥ת יְהוֹנָתָ֖ן עִם־בֵּ֣ית דָּוִ֑ד וּבִקֵּ֣שׁ יְהוָ֔ה מִיַּ֖ד אֹיְבֵ֥י דָוִֽד׃

[1 Samuel 20:16: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.16/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:591` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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