---
title: 1 Samuel 20:18 (JPS 1917) — And Jonathan said unto him: 'To-morrow is the new moon; and thou wil… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Jonathan said unto him: 'To-morrow is the new moon; and thou wilt be missed, thy seat will be empty. Who acts: Jonathan, seat. 1 Samuel 20:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 20:18 · JPS 1917

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And Jonathan said unto him: 'To-morrow is the new moon; and thou wilt be missed, thy seat will be empty.

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**Who acts:** Jonathan, seat · **What happens:** say, be, miss · **To what, where:** new moon, thou · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 1 Samuel 20:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jonathan, seat), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:593
# text = And Jonathan said unto him: 'To-morrow is the new moon; and thou wilt be missed, thy seat will be empty.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	_
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
7	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	_
8	To	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	_
10	morrow	morrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	_
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
17	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	20	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	wilt	will	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
19	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	missed	miss	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	conj	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
22	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	seat	seat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
24	will	will	AUX	MD	Mood=Ind|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
25	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	cop	_	_
26	empty	empty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	_
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Jonathan |  |  |  |  | unto David | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | the new moon |  |  |  | to morrow | tree rules |
| 3 | **miss** | future · passive |  | thou |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 4 | **is** | future | thy seat |  |  |  |  | empty *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיֹּֽאמֶר־ל֥וֹ יְהוֹנָתָ֖ן מָחָ֣ר חֹ֑דֶשׁ וְנִפְקַ֕דְתָּ כִּ֥י יִפָּקֵ֖ד מוֹשָׁבֶֽךָ׃

[1 Samuel 20:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.18/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:593` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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