---
title: 1 Samuel 20:32 (JPS 1917) — And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him: 'Wherefore… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him: 'Wherefore should he be put to death? what hath he done?' Who acts: Jonathan. 1 Samuel 20:32 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 20:32 · JPS 1917

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And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him: 'Wherefore should he be put to death? what hath he done?'

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**Who acts:** Jonathan · **What happens:** answer, say, put, do · **To what, where:** Saul, Jonathan · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 1 Samuel 20:32 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jonathan), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:610
# text = And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him: 'Wherefore should he be put to death? what hath he done?'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	answered	answer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Saul	Saul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obl	_	_
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
13	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	_
14	Wherefore	wherefore	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
15	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
16	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	put	put	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	ccomp	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
21	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
22	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	25	obj	_	_
23	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	parataxis	_	_
26	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
27	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: wh-question
- act: ask
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- indirect: yes
- teacher: changed indirect=1

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **answer** *speech: assert* | past | Jonathan |  | Saul |  |  |  | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent saul=Eventuality |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Jonathan *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unto Jonathan | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **put** | should · passive |  | Jonathan |  |  |  | to death; wherefore *property* | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: subject=Goal |
| 4 | **do** | present · perfect | Jonathan |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיַּ֙עַן֙ יְה֣וֹנָתָ֔ן אֶת־שָׁא֖וּל אָבִ֑יו וַיֹּ֧אמֶר אֵלָ֛יו לָ֥מָּה יוּמַ֖ת מֶ֥ה עָשָֽׂה׃

[1 Samuel 20:32: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.32/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:610` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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