---
title: 1 Samuel 20:38 (JPS 1917) — And Jonathan cried after the lad: 'Make speed, hasten, stay not.' An… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Jonathan cried after the lad: 'Make speed, hasten, stay not.' And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master. Who acts: Jonathan, lad. 1 Samuel 20:38 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 20:38 · JPS 1917

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And Jonathan cried after the lad: 'Make speed, hasten, stay not.' And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master.

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**Who acts:** Jonathan, lad · **What happens:** cry, make, hasten, not stay, gather up, come · **To what, where:** speed, arrows, master

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This is 1 Samuel 20:38 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jonathan, lad), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:616
# text = And Jonathan cried after the lad: 'Make speed, hasten, stay not.' And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cried	cry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lad	lad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	_
9	Make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	_
10	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	hasten	hasten	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	conj	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	conj	_	_
15	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
17	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
18	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod:poss	_	_
20	's	's	PART	POS	_	19	case	_	_
21	lad	lad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
22	gathered	gather	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
23	up	up	ADP	RP	_	22	compound:prt	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	arrows	arrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	_
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	_
29	to	to	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	31	nmod:poss	_	_
31	master	master	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: command
- act: request
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cry** *speech: express* | past | Jonathan |  |  |  | after the lad |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | infinitive |  | speed |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset speed=Product |
| 3 | **hasten** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **not** **stay** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **gather up** | past | Jonathan's lad | the arrows |  |  |  |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arrow=Theme |
| 6 | **come** | past | Jonathan's lad *not said here* |  |  | Jonathan's master |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to master=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיִּקְרָ֤א יְהֽוֹנָתָן֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י הַנַּ֔עַר מְהֵרָ֥ה ח֖וּשָׁה אַֽל־תַּעֲמֹ֑ד וַיְלַקֵּ֞ט נַ֤עַר יְהֽוֹנָתָן֙ אֶת־הַ֣חִצִּ֔ים וַיָּבֹ֖א אֶל־אֲדֹנָֽיו׃

[1 Samuel 20:38: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.20.38/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:616` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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