---
title: 1 Samuel 24:18 (JPS 1917) — And he said to David: 'Thou art more righteous than I; for thou hast… · tree and pragmatics
description: And he said to David: 'Thou art more righteous than I; for thou hast rendered unto me good, whereas I have rendered unto thee evil. Who acts: David, Thou, I. 1 Samuel 24:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 24:18 · JPS 1917

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And he said to David: 'Thou art more righteous than I; for thou hast rendered unto me good, whereas I have rendered unto thee evil.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** David, Thou, I · **What happens:** say, be, render · **To what, where:** David, good, evil · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 1 Samuel 24:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (David, Thou, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:714
# text = And he said to David: 'Thou art more righteous than I; for thou hast rendered unto me good, whereas I have rendered unto thee evil.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
7	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	_
8	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	11	nsubj	_	_
9	art	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	11	advmod	_	_
11	righteous	righteous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
12	than	than	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	_
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
15	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
16	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	18	nsubj	_	_
17	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	rendered	render	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	advcl	_	_
19	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	obl	_	_
21	good	good	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
23	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
24	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
25	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
26	rendered	render	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	advcl	_	_
27	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	26	obl	_	_
29	evil	evil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	_
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: evaluate
- voice: character
- polarity: pos
- teacher: changed act=evaluate

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | David |  | David |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to david=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** | present | Thou |  |  |  |  | than I; righteous *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **render** | present · perfect | thou | good |  |  |  | unto me | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent good=Theme |
| 4 | **render** | present · perfect | I | evil |  |  |  | unto thee | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evil=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אֶל־דָּוִ֔ד צַדִּ֥יק אַתָּ֖ה מִמֶּ֑נִּי כִּ֤י אַתָּה֙ גְּמַלְתַּ֣נִי הַטּוֹבָ֔ה וַאֲנִ֖י גְּמַלְתִּ֥יךָ הָרָעָֽה׃

[1 Samuel 24:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.24.18/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:714` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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