---
title: 1 Samuel 26:4 (JPS 1917) — David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come of… · tree and pragmatics
description: David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come of a certainty. Who acts: David. 1 Samuel 26:4 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 26:4 · JPS 1917

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David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come of a certainty.

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**Who acts:** David · **What happens:** send out, understand, come · **To what, where:** spies, Saul · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 1 Samuel 26:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (David), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:771
# text = David therefore sent out spies, and understood that Saul was come of a certainty.
1	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	spies	spy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	understood	understand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	Saul	Saul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	come	come	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	ccomp	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	certainty	certainty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send out** | past | David | spies |  |  |  | therefore *property* | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spy=Theme |
| 2 | **understand** | past | David *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **come** | past · passive |  | Saul |  |  |  | of a certainty | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיִּשְׁלַ֥ח דָּוִ֖ד מְרַגְּלִ֑ים וַיֵּ֕דַע כִּֽי־בָ֥א שָׁא֖וּל אֶל־נָכֽוֹן׃

[1 Samuel 26:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.26.4/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:771` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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