---
title: 1 Samuel 30:4 (JPS 1917) — Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice a… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep. Who acts: people, David. 1 Samuel 30:4 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 30:4 · JPS 1917

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Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep.

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**Who acts:** people, David · **What happens:** be, lift up, weep, have · **To what, where:** voice, power

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This is 1 Samuel 30:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, David), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:853
# text = Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	_
2	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	lifted	lift	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	wept	weep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	advcl	_	_
20	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	22	det	_	_
21	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	22	advmod	_	_
22	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	weep	weep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	acl	_	_
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the people |  |  |  |  | with Ziklag | tree rules |
| 2 | **lift up** | past | David and the people | David's voice |  |  | then |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent voice=Theme |
| 3 | **weep** | past | David and the people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **have** | past | David | no power |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent power=Patient |
| 5 | **weep** | to-infinitive | David *not said here* | no power *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיִּשָּׂ֨א דָוִ֜ד וְהָעָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־אִתּ֛וֹ אֶת־קוֹלָ֖ם וַיִּבְכּ֑וּ עַ֣ד אֲשֶׁ֧ר אֵין־בָּהֶ֛ם כֹּ֖חַ לִבְכּֽוֹת׃

[1 Samuel 30:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.30.4/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:853` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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