---
title: 1 Samuel 31:2 (JPS 1917) — And the Philistines followed hard upon Saul and upon his sons; and t… · tree and pragmatics
description: And the Philistines followed hard upon Saul and upon his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchishua, the sons of Saul. Who acts: Philistines. 1 Samuel 31:2 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 31:2 · JPS 1917

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And the Philistines followed hard upon Saul and upon his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchishua, the sons of Saul.

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**Who acts:** Philistines · **What happens:** follow, slay · **To what, where:** Saul, Jonathan

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This is 1 Samuel 31:2 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Philistines), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:882
# text = And the Philistines followed hard upon Saul and upon his sons; and the Philistines slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Malchishua, the sons of Saul.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Philistines	philistine	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	followed	follow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
6	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Saul	Saul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	sons	son	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	Philistines	philistine	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
16	slew	slay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
17	Jonathan	Jonathan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	Abinadab	Abinadab	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	Malchishua	Malchishua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	sons	son	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	appos	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	Saul	Saul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	_
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | past | the Philistines |  |  | Saul |  | hard *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon saul=Location |
| 2 | **slay** | past | the Philistines | Jonathan and Abinadab and Malchishua |  |  |  |  | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent jonathan=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיַּדְבְּק֣וּ פְלִשְׁתִּ֔ים אֶת־שָׁא֖וּל וְאֶת־בָּנָ֑יו וַיַּכּ֣וּ פְלִשְׁתִּ֗ים אֶת־יְהוֹנָתָ֧ן וְאֶת־אֲבִינָדָ֛ב וְאֶת־מַלְכִּי־שׁ֖וּעַמַלְכִּי־שׁ֖וּעַ בְּנֵ֥י שָׁאֽוּל׃

[1 Samuel 31:2: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.31.2/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:882` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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