---
title: 1 Samuel 31:12 (JPS 1917) — all the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of… · tree and pragmatics
description: all the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan; and they came to Jabesh, and burnt them there. Who acts: valiant men, men. 1 Samuel 31:12 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 1 Samuel 31:12 · JPS 1917

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all the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan; and they came to Jabesh, and burnt them there.

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**Who acts:** valiant men, men · **What happens:** arise, go, take, come, burnt · **To what, where:** body, wall, Jabesh, men

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 1 Samuel 31:12 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (valiant men, men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:1SA:893
# text = all the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan; and they came to Jabesh, and burnt them there.
1	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	valiant	valiant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	arose	arise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
9	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	10	det:predet	_	_
10	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Saul	Saul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	bodies	body	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	sons	son	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	_
24	from	from	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	Beth	Beth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
29	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	30	punct	_	_
30	shan	shan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	flat	_	_
31	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	34	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
34	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
35	to	to	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	Jabesh	Jabesh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	_
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
39	burnt	burnt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	conj	_	_
40	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	39	obj	_	_
41	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	39	advmod	_	_
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arise** | past | all valiant men |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **go** | past | all valiant men *not said here* |  |  |  | night |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **take** | past | all valiant men *not said here* | the body of Saul and the bodies of Saul's sons |  | the wall |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent body=Theme from wall=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **come** | past | men *= man* |  |  | Jabesh |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to jabesh=Initial\_Location |
| 5 | **burnt** | past | men *= man* *not said here* | men *= man* |  | there |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיָּק֜וּמוּ כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ חַיִל֮ וַיֵּלְכ֣וּ כָל־הַלַּיְלָה֒ וַיִּקְח֞וּ אֶת־גְּוִיַּ֣ת שָׁא֗וּל וְאֵת֙ גְּוִיֹּ֣ת בָּנָ֔יו מֵחוֹמַ֖ת בֵּ֣ית שָׁ֑ן בֵּ֣ית שָׁ֑ן וַיָּבֹ֣אוּ יָבֵ֔שָׁה וַיִּשְׂרְפ֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם שָֽׁם׃

[1 Samuel 31:12: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/1SA.31.12/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:1SA:893` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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