---
title: 2 Kings 19:18 (JPS 1917) — and have cast their gods into the fire; for they were no gods, but t… · tree and pragmatics
description: and have cast their gods into the fire; for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone; therefore they have destroyed them. Who acts: nations, hands. 2 Kings 19:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Kings 19:18 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
and have cast their gods into the fire; for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone; therefore they have destroyed them.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** nations, hands · **What happens:** cast, be, destroy, work · **To what, where:** gods, fire, men

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This is 2 Kings 19:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (nations, hands), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2KI:608
# text = and have cast their gods into the fire; for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone; therefore they have destroyed them.
1	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	cast	cast	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
10	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
12	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	14	det	_	_
14	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	advcl	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod:poss	_	_
21	's	's	PART	POS	_	20	case	_	_
22	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
27	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
28	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
29	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
30	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
31	destroyed	destroy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	parataxis	_	_
32	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	obj	_	_
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed act=assert

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cast** | present · perfect |  | nations's gods |  | the fire |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent god=Material into fire=Product |
| 2 | **is a** | past | nations *= nation* | no gods but the work of men's hands and wood and stone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **destroy** | present · perfect | nations *= nation* | men *= man* |  |  |  | therefore *property* | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
| 4 | **work** |  | men's hands and wood and stone |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וְנָתְנ֥וּ אֶת־אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֖ם בָּאֵ֑שׁ כִּי֩ לֹ֨א אֱלֹהִ֜ים הֵ֗מָּה כִּ֣י אִם־מַעֲשֵׂ֧ה יְדֵֽי־אָדָ֛ם עֵ֥ץ וָאֶ֖בֶן וַֽיְאַבְּדֽוּם׃

[2 Kings 19:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.19.18/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2KI:608` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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