---
title: 2 Kings 19:25 (JPS 1917) — Hast thou not heard? long ago I made it, in ancient times I fashione… · tree and pragmatics
description: Hast thou not heard? long ago I made it, in ancient times I fashioned it; now have I brought it to pass, yea, it is done; that fortified cities should be laid waste into ruinous heaps. Who acts: thou, I. 2 Kings 19:25 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Kings 19:25 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hast thou not heard? long ago I made it, in ancient times I fashioned it; now have I brought it to pass, yea, it is done; that fortified cities should be laid waste into ruinous heaps.

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**Who acts:** thou, I · **What happens:** not hear, make, fashion, bring, pass, do · **To what, where:** sole, fortified cities, ruinous heaps

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 2 Kings 19:25 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (thou, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2KI:616
# text = Hast thou not heard? long ago I made it, in ancient times I fashioned it; now have I brought it to pass, yea, it is done; that fortified cities should be laid waste into ruinous heaps.
1	Hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
2	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
6	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	_	_
7	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
15	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	fashioned	fashion	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
19	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	22	advmod	_	_
20	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
21	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	parataxis	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	xcomp	_	_
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
27	yea	yea	INTJ	UH	_	31	discourse	_	_
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
29	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux:pass	_	_
31	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	parataxis	_	_
32	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	38	punct	_	_
33	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	38	mark	_	_
34	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	35	amod	_	_
35	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	nsubj:pass	_	_
36	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	38	aux	_	_
37	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	38	aux:pass	_	_
38	laid	lay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
39	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	obj	_	_
40	into	into	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	ruinous	ruinous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	42	amod	_	_
42	heaps	heap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	obl	_	_
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **hear** | present · perfect | thou |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **make** | past | I | sole |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Product |
| 3 | **fashion** | past | I | sole |  |  | time |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Product |
| 4 | **bring** | present · perfect | I | sole |  |  | now |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **pass** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **do** | present · passive |  | sole |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 7 | **fortify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 8 | **lay** | should · passive |  | fortified cities |  | ruinous heaps |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP ADVP»: subject=Theme waste=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
הֲלֹֽא־שָׁמַ֤עְתָּ לְמֵֽרָחוֹק֙ אֹתָ֣הּ עָשִׂ֔יתִי לְמִ֥ימֵי קֶ֖דֶם וִֽיצַרְתִּ֑יהָ עַתָּ֣ה הֲבֵיאתִ֗יהָ וּתְהִ֗י לַהְשׁ֛וֹת גַּלִּ֥ים נִצִּ֖ים עָרִ֥ים בְּצֻרֽוֹת׃

[2 Kings 19:25: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.19.25/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2KI:616` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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