---
title: 2 Kings 3:16 (JPS 1917) — And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: Make this valley full of trenches. · tree and pragmatics
description: And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: Make this valley full of trenches. Who acts: hand, LORD. 2 Kings 3:16 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Kings 3:16 · JPS 1917

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And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: Make this valley full of trenches.

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**Who acts:** hand, LORD · **What happens:** say, make · **To what, where:** valley · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 2 Kings 3:16 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hand, LORD), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2KI:64
# text = And he said: 'Thus saith the LORD: Make this valley full of trenches.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
5	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	_
6	Thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	saith	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
11	Make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	parataxis	_	_
12	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	13	det	_	_
13	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	trenches	trench	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: other
- act: other
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed act=other, form=other

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | hand |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the LORD |  |  |  |  | thus *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **make** | infinitive |  | this valley |  |  |  | full *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset valley=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיֹּ֕אמֶר כֹּ֖ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה עָשֹׂ֛ה הַנַּ֥חַל הַזֶּ֖ה גֵּבִ֥ים ׀ גֵּבִֽים׃

[2 Kings 3:16: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.3.16/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2KI:64` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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