---
title: 2 Kings 23:8 (JPS 1917) — And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defil… · tree and pragmatics
description: And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had made offerings, from Geba to Beer-sheba; and he broke down the high places of the gates that were at the entrance of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which were on a man's left ha
---

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# 2 Kings 23:8 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had made offerings, from Geba to Beer-sheba; and he broke down the high places of the gates that were at the entrance of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which were on a man's left hand as he entered the gate of the city.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** king, priests, gates, gate · **What happens:** bring, defile, make, break down, be, enter · **To what, where:** priests, cities, high places, offerings, Geba, entrance

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This is 2 Kings 23:8 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (king, priests, gates, gate), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2KI:705
# text = And he brought all the priests out of the cities of Judah, and defiled the high places where the priests had made offerings, from Geba to Beer-sheba; and he broke down the high places of the gates that were at the entrance of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which were on a man's left hand as he entered the gate of the city.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	brought	bring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	6	det:predet	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	priests	priest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Judah	Judah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	defiled	defile	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
19	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	23	advmod	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	priests	priest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
22	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	acl:relcl	_	_
24	offerings	offering	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obj	_	_
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	from	from	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	Geba	Geba	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
28	to	to	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	Beer	Beer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	_
30	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	31	punct	_	_
31	sheba	Sheba	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	_
32	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	35	punct	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
34	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	nsubj	_	_
35	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
36	down	down	ADP	RP	_	35	compound:prt	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
38	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	obj	_	_
40	of	of	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	gates	gate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	39	nmod	_	_
43	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	47	nsubj	_	_
44	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	47	cop	_	_
45	at	at	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
46	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	47	det	_	_
47	entrance	entrance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	acl:relcl	_	_
48	of	of	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
49	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
50	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	47	nmod	_	_
51	of	of	ADP	IN	_	52	case	_	_
52	Joshua	Joshua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	50	nmod	_	_
53	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	54	det	_	_
54	governor	governor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	appos	_	_
55	of	of	ADP	IN	_	57	case	_	_
56	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	57	det	_	_
57	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	54	nmod	_	_
58	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	66	punct	_	_
59	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	66	nsubj	_	_
60	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	66	cop	_	_
61	on	on	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
62	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	63	det	_	_
63	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	66	nmod:poss	_	_
64	's	's	PART	POS	_	63	case	_	_
65	left	left	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	66	amod	_	_
66	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	acl:relcl	_	_
67	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	69	mark	_	_
68	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	69	nsubj	_	_
69	entered	enter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	66	advcl	_	_
70	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	71	det	_	_
71	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	69	obj	_	_
72	of	of	ADP	IN	_	74	case	_	_
73	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	74	det	_	_
74	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	71	nmod	_	_
75	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | past | king | all priests |  | the cities of Judah |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent priest=Theme out city=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **defile** | past | king *not said here* | the high places |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | past · perfect | the priests | offerings |  | Geba to Beer sheba |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset offering=Product from geba=Material |
| 4 | **break down** | past | king | the high places of the gates |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent place=Patient |
| 5 | **is** | past | the gates |  |  | the entrance |  | of the gate of Joshua | tree rules |
| 6 | **is** | past | the gate of Joshua |  |  | a man's left hand |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **enter** | past | king | the gate of the city |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme gate=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיָּבֵ֤א אֶת־כָּל־הַכֹּֽהֲנִים֙ מֵעָרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וַיְטַמֵּ֣א אֶת־הַבָּמ֗וֹת אֲשֶׁ֤ר קִטְּרוּ־שָׁ֙מָּה֙ הַכֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים מִגֶּ֖בַע עַד־בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע בְּאֵ֣ר שָׁ֑בַע וְנָתַ֞ץ אֶת־בָּמ֣וֹת הַשְּׁעָרִ֗ים אֲשֶׁר־פֶּ֜תַח שַׁ֤עַר יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ שַׂר־הָעִ֔יר אֲשֶֽׁר־עַל־שְׂמֹ֥אול אִ֖ישׁ בְּשַׁ֥עַר הָעִֽיר׃

[2 Kings 23:8: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.8/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2KI:705` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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