---
title: 2 Kings 23:10 (JPS 1917) — And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom,… · tree and pragmatics
description: And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech. Who acts: king, Topheth, man, son. 2 Kings 23:10 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Kings 23:10 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** king, Topheth, man, son · **What happens:** defile, be, make, pass · **To what, where:** Topheth, valley, son, Molech, fire

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 2 Kings 23:10 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (king, Topheth, man, son), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2KI:707
# text = And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	defiled	defile	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Topheth	Topheth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	acl:relcl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Hinnom	Hinnom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
18	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	19	det	_	_
19	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
20	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
22	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	mark	_	_
28	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	xcomp	_	_
29	through	through	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
32	to	to	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	Molech	Molech	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: neg
- teacher: changed polarity=neg

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **defile** | past | king | Topheth |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | Topheth |  |  | the valley |  | of the son of Hinnom | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | might | no man | king's son or king's daughter |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **pass** | to-infinitive | king's son or king's daughter *not said here* |  | Molech | the fire |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme through fire=Initial\_Location to molech=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וְטִמֵּ֣א אֶת־הַתֹּ֔פֶת אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּגֵ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֑ם גֵ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֑םגֵ֣י בֶנ־הִנֹּ֑ם לְבִלְתִּ֗י לְהַעֲבִ֨יר אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־בְּנ֧וֹ וְאֶת־בִּתּ֛וֹ בָּאֵ֖שׁ לַמֹּֽלֶךְ׃

[2 Kings 23:10: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.10/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2KI:707` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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