--- title: 2 Kings 23:16 (JPS 1917) — And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were ther… · tree and pragmatics description: And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were there in the mount; and he sent, and took the bones out of the sepulchres, and burned them upon the altar, and defiled it, according to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these things. Who acts: Josiah, --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.713/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/) / [chapter 23](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI/23/) / [23:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.16/) / JPS 1 # 2 Kings 23:16 · JPS 1917 And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were there in the mount; and he sent, and took the bones out of the sepulchres, and burned them upon the altar, and defiled it, according to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these things. **Who acts:** Josiah, sepulchres, man, God · **What happens:** turn, spy, be, send, take, burn · **To what, where:** Josiah, sepulchres, mount, bones, altar, LORD This is 2 Kings 23:16 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Josiah, sepulchres, man, God), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:2KI:713 # text = And as Josiah turned himself, he spied the sepulchres that were there in the mount; and he sent, and took the bones out of the sepulchres, and burned them upon the altar, and defiled it, according to the word of the LORD which the man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these things. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 8 cc _ _ 2 as as SCONJ IN _ 4 mark _ _ 3 Josiah Josiah PROPN NNP Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _ 4 turned turn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 8 advcl _ _ 5 himself himself PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes 4 obj _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 4 punct _ _ 7 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 8 nsubj _ _ 8 spied spy VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 10 sepulchres sepulchre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 8 obj _ _ 11 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 13 nsubj _ _ 12 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 13 cop _ _ 13 there there ADV RB PronType=Dem 10 acl:relcl _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 mount mount NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 obl _ _ 17 ; ; PUNCT : _ 20 punct _ _ 18 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 19 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj _ _ 20 sent send VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 8 conj _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 23 took take VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 conj _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 bones bone NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 obj _ _ 26 out out ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 27 of of ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 28 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 sepulchres sepulchre NOUN NNS Number=Plur 23 obl _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 31 and and CCONJ CC _ 32 cc _ _ 32 burned burn VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 conj _ _ 33 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 32 obj _ _ 34 upon upon ADP IN _ 36 case _ _ 35 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 36 det _ _ 36 altar altar NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 obl _ _ 37 , , PUNCT , _ 39 punct _ _ 38 and and CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 39 defiled defile VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 20 conj _ _ 40 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 39 obj _ _ 41 , , PUNCT , _ 45 punct _ _ 42 according accord VERB VBG ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 45 case _ _ 43 to to ADP IN _ 42 fixed _ _ 44 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 45 det _ _ 45 word word NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 46 of of ADP IN _ 48 case _ _ 47 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 48 det _ _ 48 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 45 nmod _ _ 49 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 54 obj _ _ 50 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 51 det _ _ 51 man man NOUN NN Number=Sing 54 nsubj _ _ 52 of of ADP IN _ 53 case _ _ 53 God God PROPN NNP Number=Sing 51 nmod _ _ 54 proclaimed proclaim VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 48 acl:relcl _ _ 55 , , PUNCT , _ 57 punct _ _ 56 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 57 nsubj _ _ 57 proclaimed proclaim VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 53 acl:relcl _ _ 58 these this DET DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 59 det _ _ 59 things thing NOUN NNS Number=Plur 57 obj _ _ 60 . . PUNCT . _ 8 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **turn** | past | Josiah | Josiah | | | | | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent himself=Theme | | 2 | **spy** | past | Josiah | the sepulchres | | | | | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer sepulchre=Stimulus | | 3 | **is** | past | the sepulchres | | | the mount | | there *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **send** | past | Josiah | | | | | | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **take** | past | Josiah *not said here* | the bones | | the sepulchres | | | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent bone=Theme out sepulchre=Initial\_Location | | 6 | **burn** | past | Josiah *not said here* | bones *= bone* | | | | upon the altar | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent they=Theme | | 7 | **defile** | past | Josiah *not said here* | altar | | | | accord the word of the LORD | tree rules | | 8 | **accord** | gerund | | | | | | | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent | | 9 | **proclaim** | past | the man of God | the LORD | | | | | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme | | 10 | **proclaim** | past | God | this things | | | | | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Theme | | 11 | **word** | | | the LORD | | | | | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיִּ֣פֶן יֹאשִׁיָּ֗הוּ וַיַּ֨רְא אֶת־הַקְּבָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־שָׁם֙ בָּהָ֔ר וַיִּשְׁלַ֗ח וַיִּקַּ֤ח אֶת־הָֽעֲצָמוֹת֙ מִן־הַקְּבָרִ֔ים וַיִּשְׂרֹ֥ף עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַ וַֽיְטַמְּאֵ֑הוּ כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר קָרָא֙ אִ֣ישׁ הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר קָרָ֔א אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃ [2 Kings 23:16: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.16/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2KI:713` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [2 Kings 23:15 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.712/) - next →: [2 Kings 23:17 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2KI.714/) - ↑ back to [2 Kings 23:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.23.16/)