---
title: 2 Kings 3:25 (JPS 1917) — And they beat down the cities; and on every good piece of land they… · tree and pragmatics
description: And they beat down the cities; and on every good piece of land they cast every man his stone, and filled it; and they stopped all the fountains of water, and felled all the good trees; until there was left only Kir-hareseth with the stones of the wall thereof; so the slingers encompassed it, and smo
---

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# 2 Kings 3:25 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And they beat down the cities; and on every good piece of land they cast every man his stone, and filled it; and they stopped all the fountains of water, and felled all the good trees; until there was left only Kir-hareseth with the stones of the wall thereof; so the slingers encompassed it, and smote it.

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**Who acts:** Moabites, slingers · **What happens:** beat down, cast, fill, stop, fell, leave · **To what, where:** cities, man, good piece, land, fountains, good trees

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This is 2 Kings 3:25 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Moabites, slingers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2KI:74
# text = And they beat down the cities; and on every good piece of land they cast every man his stone, and filled it; and they stopped all the fountains of water, and felled all the good trees; until there was left only Kir-hareseth with the stones of the wall thereof; so the slingers encompassed it, and smote it.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	beat	beat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	det	_	_
11	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	cast	cast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
17	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	18	det	_	_
18	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
19	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	_
25	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
29	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	31	det:predet	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	fountains	fountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obj	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nmod	_	_
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
36	felled	fell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	conj	_	_
37	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	40	det:predet	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
39	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	obj	_	_
41	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	45	punct	_	_
42	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	45	mark	_	_
43	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	45	expl	_	_
44	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	45	aux:pass	_	_
45	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	36	advcl	_	_
46	only	only	ADV	RB	_	49	advmod	_	_
47	Kir	kir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	49	flat	_	_
48	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	47	punct	_	_
49	hareseth	hareseth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	45	obj	_	_
50	with	with	ADP	IN	_	52	case	_	_
51	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	52	det	_	_
52	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	obl	_	_
53	of	of	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
54	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	55	det	_	_
55	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	nmod	_	_
56	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	55	advmod	_	_
57	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	61	punct	_	_
58	so	so	ADV	RB	_	61	advmod	_	_
59	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	60	det	_	_
60	slingers	slinger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	61	nsubj	_	_
61	encompassed	encompass	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
62	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	61	obj	_	_
63	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	65	punct	_	_
64	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	65	cc	_	_
65	smote	smote	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	61	conj	_	_
66	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	65	obj	_	_
67	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **beat down** | past | Moabites *= moabite* | the cities |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location city=Theme |
| 2 | **cast** | past | Moabites *= moabite* | every man |  | every good piece of land |  |  | vn throw-17.1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent stone=Theme on piece=Destination |
| 3 | **fill** | past | Moabites *= moabite* *not said here* | land |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 4 | **stop** | past | Moabites *= moabite* | all fountains of water |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality fountain=Eventuality |
| 5 | **fell** | past | Moabites *= moabite* *not said here* | all good trees |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **leave** | past · passive | Moabites *= moabite* *not said here* |  | Kir hareseth | there |  | with the stones of the wall | vn fulfilling-13.4.1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP.theme»: hareseth=Recipient with stone=Theme |
| 7 | **encompass** | past | the slingers | land |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot it=Theme |
| 8 | **smote** | past | the slingers *not said here* | land |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וְהֶעָרִ֣ים יַהֲרֹ֡סוּ וְכָל־חֶלְקָ֣ה ט֠וֹבָה יַשְׁלִ֨יכוּ אִישׁ־אַבְנ֜וֹ וּמִלְא֗וּהָ וְכָל־מַעְיַן־מַ֤יִם יִסְתֹּ֙מוּ֙ וְכָל־עֵֽץ־ט֣וֹב יַפִּ֔ילוּ עַד־הִשְׁאִ֧יר אֲבָנֶ֛יהָ בַּקִּ֖יר חֲרָ֑שֶׂת קִּ֖יר חֲרָ֑שֶׂת וַיָּסֹ֥בּוּ הַקַּלָּעִ֖ים וַיַּכּֽוּהָ׃

[2 Kings 3:25: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2KI.3.25/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2KI:74` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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