---
title: 2 Samuel 3:31 (JPS 1917) — And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him: 'R… · tree and pragmatics
description: And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him: 'Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and wail before Abner.' And king David followed the bier. Who acts: David, people. 2 Samuel 3:31 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.102/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/3/) / [3:31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.3.31/) / JPS 1

# 2 Samuel 3:31 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him: 'Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and wail before Abner.' And king David followed the bier.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** David, people · **What happens:** say, be, rend, gird, wail, follow · **To what, where:** Joab, clothes, you, Abner, bier · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 2 Samuel 3:31 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (David, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:102
# text = And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him: 'Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and wail before Abner.' And king David followed the bier.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Joab	Joab	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	11	det:predet	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
13	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	acl:relcl	_	_
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
17	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	_
18	Rend	rend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
19	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	18	obj	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	gird	gird	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	conj	_	_
24	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	_
25	with	with	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	sackcloth	sackcloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	wail	wail	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	conj	_	_
30	before	before	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	Abner	Abner	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
33	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
34	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
35	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	compound	_	_
36	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	nsubj	_	_
37	followed	follow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	bier	bier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obj	_	_
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: command
- act: request
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=narrator

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | David |  | Joab and all people |  |  |  | vn indicate-78-1 «NP V PP.recipient that S»: agent=Pivot to joab=Experiencer clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | past | all people |  |  |  |  | with Joab | tree rules |
| 3 | **rend** | infinitive |  | your clothes |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent clothes=Patient |
| 4 | **gird** | infinitive |  | you |  |  |  | with sackcloth | tree rules |
| 5 | **wail** | infinitive |  |  |  | Abner |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme before abner=Location |
| 6 | **follow** | past | David | the bier |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bier=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיֹּאמֶר֩ דָּוִ֨ד אֶל־יוֹאָ֜ב וְאֶל־כָּל־הָעָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר־אִתּ֗וֹ קִרְע֤וּ בִגְדֵיכֶם֙ וְחִגְר֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים וְסִפְד֖וּ לִפְנֵ֣י אַבְנֵ֑ר וְהַמֶּ֣לֶךְ דָּוִ֔ד הֹלֵ֖ךְ אַחֲרֵ֥י הַמִּטָּֽה׃

[2 Samuel 3:31: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.3.31/)

<!-- div src -->

**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:102` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [2 Samuel 3:30 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.101/)
- next →: [2 Samuel 3:32 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.103/)
- ↑ back to [2 Samuel 3:31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.3.31/)