--- title: 2 Samuel 1:12 (JPS 1917) — And they wailed, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for… · tree and pragmatics description: And they wailed, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword. Who acts: clothes, sword. 2 Samuel 1:12 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.14/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/1/) / [1:12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.12/) / JPS 1 # 2 Samuel 1:12 · JPS 1917 And they wailed, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword. **Who acts:** clothes, sword · **What happens:** wail, weep, fast, fall · **To what, where:** clothes This is 2 Samuel 1:12 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (clothes, sword), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:2SA:14 # text = And they wailed, and wept, and fasted until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of the LORD, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 3 wailed wail VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 6 punct _ _ 5 and and CCONJ CC _ 6 cc _ _ 6 wept weep VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 7 , , PUNCT , _ 9 punct _ _ 8 and and CCONJ CC _ 9 cc _ _ 9 fasted fast VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 10 until until ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 even even ADV RB _ 9 obl _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 14 punct _ _ 13 for for ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 Saul Saul PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 obl _ _ 15 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 17 for for ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 18 Jonathan Jonathan PROPN NNP Number=Sing 14 conj _ _ 19 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 20 nmod:poss _ _ 20 son son NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 appos _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 23 for for ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 conj _ _ 26 of of ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 nmod _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 30 and and CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 31 for for ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 32 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 33 det _ _ 33 house house NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 conj _ _ 34 of of ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 35 Israel Israel PROPN NNP Number=Sing 33 nmod _ _ 36 ; ; PUNCT : _ 40 punct _ _ 37 because because SCONJ IN _ 40 mark _ _ 38 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 40 nsubj:pass _ _ 39 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 40 aux:pass _ _ 40 fallen fall VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 advcl _ _ 41 by by ADP IN _ 43 case _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 43 det _ _ 43 sword sword NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 obl _ _ 44 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: narrator - polarity: neg - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **wail** | past | clothes | | | | | | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **weep** | past | clothes *not said here* | | | | | | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **fast** | past | clothes *not said here* | | | | | for Saul and Jonathan and the people of the LORD and the house of Israel | tree rules | | 4 | **fall** | past · passive | the sword | clothes | | | | | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient subject=Result | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַֽיִּסְפְּדוּ֙ וַיִּבְכּ֔וּ וַיָּצֻ֖מוּ עַד־הָעָ֑רֶב עַל־שָׁא֞וּל וְעַל־יְהוֹנָתָ֣ן בְּנ֗וֹ וְעַל־עַ֤ם יְהוָה֙ וְעַל־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י נָפְל֖וּ בֶּחָֽרֶב׃ס [2 Samuel 1:12: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.12/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:14` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 1:11 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.13/) - next →: [2 Samuel 1:13 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.15/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 1:12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.12/)